Geological technological innovations and contributions in the exploration and development of the Shenfu coalfield
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摘要:背景
神府煤田(即陕北侏罗纪煤田)的发现和探明，是我国“六五”期间煤炭工业最重要的成就，由此拉开了我国煤炭工业战略西移的序幕。神府煤田勘探与发现的道路曲折，科技创新成就珍贵，总结煤田地质勘查和研究进展，对我国西部煤炭主产区的地质工作、绿色开发具有重要启示和借鉴。
进展一是聚煤模式和聚煤规律的研究，从早期的河流沉积和煤层呈鸡窝状分布的不当认识，转变到大型湖泊三角洲沉积以及发育5个连续沉积的煤层(组)的客观认识，促进了普查找煤工程部署和快速完成。二是煤田勘探从早期按部就班套用“规范”，转变到榆神矿区勘探阶段大胆创新，提出了“沙漠煤田综合勘探技术”并推广应用，大幅度缩短了勘探周期，降低了勘探成本，提高了对煤层、地层和各类地质界线的控制程度，在20世纪90年代末期国家地质勘探投入不足的情况下，促成了榆神矿区及早开发。三是保水采煤科学理念的提出和科学技术体系的创建，创新了煤田开发生态环境保护的思路和方法。在神府煤田开发初期就关注到地下水水位管控和生态环境保护，建成了我国首张省级煤矿地下水监测预警网，监测站点涵盖神府煤田所有煤矿和规划区，促进了煤田开发的可持续发展。四是突水溃沙灾害、地面沉降和地裂缝等灾害防控、生态修复技术创新与应用，促进了绿色矿区建设，建成了和谐矿区、绿色矿山。
启示国家重大需求是推动神府煤田发现与勘探的重要契机，科技创新是推动煤田勘探进展和科学勘探的主要驱动力，产−学−研的有机结合是科技创新和产业发展的最佳途径。
展望高分辨沉积环境研究、透明地质大模型构建、深部煤层开采矿井水源头减水、高强度采煤条件下含水层结构保护和生态修复，无疑是今后神府煤田地质科技创新的重要方向。
Abstract:BackgroundThe discovery and exploration of the Shenfu coalfield (i.e., a Jurassic coalfield in northern Shaanxi Province) represent the most significant achievement in China’s coal industry during the 6th Five-Year Plan of the country, marking the onset of the strategic westward shift of China’s coal industry. The complex discovery and exploration processes of the Shenfu coalfield have yielded valuable technological innovations. A summary of advances in the geological exploration and research of this coalfield will provide significant implications and references for the geologic work and green development of major coal-producing areas in West China.
AdvancesFirst, research on the coal accumulation patterns has shifted to an objective understanding of large-scale lacustrine and deltaic sedimentary environments and five continuously deposited coal seams (formations) from the early misconception of a fluvial sedimentary environment and a chicken-nest-shaped distribution of coal seams. This sift has promoted the deployment and rapid completion of reconnaissance surveys and coal prospecting. Second, coalfield exploration has shifted from the early application of prescribed norms to bold innovations in the exploration stage of the Yushen mining area. Specifically, the integrated exploration technology for coalfields in desert areas was proposed and widely applied, significantly shortening the exploration cycle, reducing exploration costs, and enhancing the control over coal seams, strata, and various geological boundaries. As a result, despite insufficient national investment in geological exploration in the late 1990s, this technology accelerated the development of the Yushen mining area. Third, the introduction of the scientific concept of water-preserved coal mining and the establishment of the corresponding scientific and technological system represent innovations in the philosophy and methods of ecological conservation in coalfield development. Groundwater level control and ecological conservation were emphasized even during the initial exploitation of the Shenfu coalfield. China’s first provincial-level monitoring and early warning network has been established for groundwater in coal mines within the coalfield, with monitoring stations covering all coal mines and planning areas in the Shenfu coalfield. This facilitates sustainable coalfield development. Fourth, the technological innovations and application in the prevention and control of water inrushes, sand collapse, land subsidence, and geofractures, as well as relevant ecological restoration, have accelerated the construction of green mining areas, creating green mines in harmonious mining areas.
ImplicationsThe huge national demand creates a great opportunity for the discovery and exploration of the Shenfu coalfield. Technological innovations act as the driving force behind the exploration progress and scientific exploration of the coalfield. Furthermore, the organic industry-university-institute collaboration represents the optimal approach to technological innovations and industrial development.
ProspectsThe geological technological innovation targets of the Shenfu coalfield will undoubtedly include investigating sedimentary environments using high-resolution survey methods, constructing large transparent geological models, reducing mine water production through source control for deep coal seam mining, and achieving aquifer structure protection and ecological restoration under high-intensity coal mining.
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图 1 神府煤田各矿区及主要矿井分布
Fig. 1 Distribution of various mining areas and main mines in the Shenfu coalfield
表 1 神府煤田发现之前的重要地质调查工作统计
Table 1 Statistics of important geological surveys before the discovery of the Shenfu coalfield
时间 任务来源 调查单位(个人) 主要工作量或认识 报告名称 提交资源量 1917—1923 王竹泉等 侏罗纪煤系煤层厚0.67~
4.00 m，向西缓倾，倾角1°~4°，属烟煤《中国地质图》太原
榆林幅说明书预测榆林−太原侏罗纪
煤904.5亿t1923—1933 潘钟祥、王竹泉等 地层、古生物研究 陕北古期中生代植物化石 1931—1942 张广石 调查全省73个县中，
51个县123处有煤《陕西矿产一览表》《陕西之煤业》《陕西煤炭业
过去现在将来》等总储量为719.5亿t
陕北660亿t1956 陕西省工业厅 陕西省工业厅经济资源调查勘测队 府谷神木与横山靖边沿线
地质矿产初步了解报告1958-07 郑州煤田地质学校
(现河南地矿职业学院)1∶10万地质图，
2 500 km2陕西省北部榆林神木区域侏罗纪煤田踏勘报告 1958 国家计划项目
《第一次全国煤田预测》陕西省煤炭工业局 陕西省煤田预测报告 4 091亿t(其中探明26亿t) 1958-09—12 榆林煤田勘探队(陕西省一八六煤田地质勘探队前身，下称186队) 钻孔7个，进尺474 m 金刚寺井田简易地质报告 232万t 1958-11 陕西省
煤炭工业局省局工作组配合榆林
煤田地质勘探队调查煤矿点数10处 陕北府谷、神木两煤田
概要说明估算侏罗纪煤384亿t，
石炭纪煤51亿t1959 186队 普查面积662.45 km2 陕北侏罗纪煤田横山矿区
波罗韩岔间普查勘探报告C1+C2级13.98亿t 1960 186队 普查面积309.41 km2 陕北侏罗纪煤田榆林矿区归德堡至古城滩间普查
勘探报告7 432万t 1961-05 186队 榆林、靖边、绥德普查
面积约1 167 km2陕北侏罗纪煤田韩岔吴家
园子杨桥畔间地质资料C1级+C2级资源储量
17 348万t1963-11 西北煤田地质局
194勘探队神木、府谷普查面积
6 000 km2陕北神木府谷地区煤田
地质初步踏勘报告估算石炭−二叠纪煤
29.44亿t；侏罗纪煤
24.96亿t1974—1981 国家计划项目
《第二次全国
煤田预测》陕西省煤田地质
勘探公司划分出渭北石炭−二叠纪煤田、黄陇侏罗纪煤田、陕北侏罗纪煤田、陕北三叠纪煤田、陕北石炭−二叠纪煤田 陕西省煤田预测报告 全省含煤5.84万km2，埋深2 000 m以浅资源总量
2 926.7亿t，其中探明资源的含煤面积5 831 km2，
探明资源储量268.3亿t1974 陕西省地质局第14队 陕西省榆林地区横山−定边普查及横山塔湾煤矿
地质报告C+D级储量3 579.5万t 1976 185队 陕北侏罗纪煤田横山县樊家河井田精查地质报告，
波罗井田精查地质报告樊家河井田：3 989万t；
波罗井田：7 552.30万t
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