Sequence stratigraphy and coal accumulation of barrier coastal system under epicontinental-sea environment: A case study of the Late Paleozoic Taiyuan Formation in Bohai Bay Area
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摘要: 渤海湾地区位于华北板块东部，是我国重要的煤炭产区，晚古生代发育多套可供工业开采的煤层，其中以陆表海背景下发育的海相煤层分布范围最广。为研究陆表海背景下障壁海岸体系沉积层序及聚煤模式，本文以渤海湾地区晚古生代太原组为研究对象，结合钻井及野外剖面资料，对该地区展开沉积学及层序地层学研究。在识别岩性及沉积相基础上，开展层序地层研究，在层序地层格架内揭示障壁海岸体系聚煤模式。太原组岩性以黄褐色、灰黑色泥岩及黄绿色、灰白色砂岩为主，夹数层海相灰岩及煤层。沉积相类型主要为潮坪相、潟湖相、障壁岛相及台地相。在障壁海岸体系背景下，基准面与沉积界面基本一致，层序界面多为沉积界面。根据沉积相转换面与下切谷冲刷面两类不整合面(SU)以及海侵方向转换面(TDS)可将太原组划分为3个三级层序Sq1、Sq2及Sq3。通过最大海泛面(MFS)与最大海退面(MRS)将三级层序划分为低位体系域、海侵体系域及高位体系域3个体系域，代表 8个四级层序。Sq1时期，盆地内部地区未能提供稳定聚煤环境，煤层发育厚度较薄。Sq2时期，海平面升降对盆地内部影响增大，聚煤作用达到顶峰，煤层整体厚度增加并连接成片。Sq3时期，聚煤作用相对减弱，聚煤中心分布范围收缩，且孤立发育。统计钻井资料中煤层累积厚度可知，厚煤层发育主要集中在冀中坳陷东部、黄骅坳陷及济阳坳陷等地区。将研究区太原组聚煤模式划分为LST、TST早期、TST中期、TST晚期及HST五期演化过程。受可容空间增长速率及泥炭堆积速率的控制，泥炭坪及潟湖为有利聚煤中心。Abstract: The Bohai Bay Area, located in the east of North China, is an important area for coal production in China. There are many coal seams available for industrial exploitation in the Late Paleozoic, among which the marine coal seams developed in the epicontinental-sea environment are the most widely distributed. In order to study the sedimentary sequence and coal accumulation model of the barrier coastal system in the epicontinental-sea environment, this paper studies the sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy of the Late Paleozoic Taiyuan Formation in the Bohai Bay Area, combining with drilling and field profile data. Based on the identification of lithology and sedimentary facies, the study of sequence stratigraphy is carried out to reveal the coal accumulation model of the barrier coastal system in the sequence stratigraphic framework. Taiyuan Formation is mainly composed of yellowish brown, gray black mudstone and yellow green and gray white sandstone, with several layers of marine limestone and coal seams. The sedimentary facies are mainly tidal flat facies, lagoon facies, barrier island facies and platform facies. Against the background of the barrier coastal system, the base level and the sedimentary interface are basically the same, and the sequence boundary is mostly sedimentary interface. According to the two types of subaerial unconformities(SU) including sedimentary facies transition surface and incised valley scour surface and transgressive direction transition surface(TDS), Taiyuan Formation can be divided into Sq1, Sq2 and Sq3. The third order sequence is divided into LST, TST and HST system tracts by maximum flooding surface(MFS) and maximum regression surface(MRS), representing eight fourth order sequences. During the period of Sq1, the internal area of the basin fails to provide a stable coal accumulation environment, and the thickness of the coal seams is relatively thin. During the Sq2 period, the influence of sea level on the Area increases, the coal accumulation reaches the peak, and the overall thickness of the coal seams increases and connects into slices. During the period of Sq3, the coal accumulation relatively weakens, and the distribution range of coal accumulation centers contracts, developing in isolation. The statistics of cumulative thickness of the coal seams in drilling data reveal that thick coal seams are mainly developed in the eastern part of Jizhong depression area, Huanghua depression area and Jiyang depression area. The coal accumulation model of Taiyuan Formation in the study area can be divided into five stages: LST, early TST, middle TST, late TST and HST. Under the control of the growth rate of accommodation space and peat accumulation rate, peat flat and lagoon are favorable coal accumulation centers.
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图 2 渤海湾地区晚古生代太原组岩性特征
Fig. 2 Lithological characteristics of the Late Paleozoic Taiyuan Formation in Bohai Bay Area
图 3 渤海湾地区晚古生代太原组野外剖面特征
a. 厚层中–细砂岩，北京潭柘寺剖面；b. 薄层海相灰岩，淄博博山剖面；c. 灰黑色泥岩夹煤层，秦皇岛石门寨剖面；d. 植物茎干化石，淄博博山剖面；e. 菱铁矿结核成层分布，淄博博山剖面；f. 厚层暗色泥岩，表面因长期风化淋滤呈灰绿色，秦皇岛石门寨剖面；g. 暗色泥岩夹煤层，淄博博山剖面；h. 黄褐色泥岩，发育缓波状层理，秦皇岛石门寨剖面；i. 潮汐水道，砂体形态为“顶平底凸”透镜体，底部发育冲刷面，淄博博山剖面；j. 潮汐水道，发育不明显的羽状交错层理，淄博博山剖面；k. 障壁岛，砂体形态为“底平顶凸”透镜体，淄博博山剖面；l. 局限台地，薄层泥晶灰岩，淄博博山剖面
Fig. 3 Outcrop characteristics of the Late Paleozoic Taiyuan Formation in the Bohai Bay Area
图 5 障壁海岸体系层序界面及准层序特征(NE—SW向)
Fig. 5 Sequence boundaries and parasequence characteristics of barrier coastal systems(NE-SW)
图 6 障壁海岸体系层序界面及准层序特征(W—E向)
Fig. 6 Sequence boundaries and parasequence characteristics of barrier coastal systems(W-E)
图 7 渤海湾地区不同时期太原组煤层厚度等值线
Fig. 7 Thickness contour of thick coal seams of Taiyuan Formation in Bohai Bay Area
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