Objectives Coal seam floor limestone water hazard is one of the two major types of mine water disasters in China. Due to the abundant static reserves and large dynamic recharge of limestone aquifers, in order to reduce economic losses and casualties caused by water inrush, grouting water plugging of post-disaster emergency rescue is often carried out under flowing water conditions.

Methods Based on a large number of dynamic water control cases and the basic requirements of dynamic water control scheme design in China, this paper systematically sorts out existing dynamic water control technologies, their advantages and disadvantages, defines the types of dynamic water control conditions, summarizes existing dynamic water control modes, clarifies the common indicators for evaluating the water-blocking effect of dynamic water control, and conducts typical case analysis. Finally, it points out the common problems and development directions of dynamic water control.

Results and Conclusions  (1) Dynamic water control technologies include intercepting of water-flowing roadways to construct water-blocking walls to reduce water filling intensity, intercepting of water inrush channels to construct water-stop plugs to block water filling channels, and water source-blocking of water inrush aquifer to construct water-stop curtains to cut off water filling sources. The first two methods can be further divided into three and two categories, respectively. (2) The water-plugging time of water-flowing roadway interception is the shortest, but it can not fundamentally prevent the possibility of water inrush in the water-inrush area again, and the second type is only suitable for water-blocking environments with low water inrush pressure, small flow rate, and high mechanical strength of surrounding rock. Water inrush channel interception usually needs to be combined with water-flowing roadway interception to achieve the best water-blocking effect. Water source-blocking of water inrush aquifer has the longest water-plugging time, but the highest safety factor, and it usually needs to be combined with water inrush channel interception to achieve the best water-blocking effect. (3) The conditions for dynamic water control are divided into two categories based on whether the underground drainage pump room is flooded after water inrush: mines that have not yet been flooded and mines that have not yet been completely flooded. Among them, mines that have not yet been completely flooded are more common, and the difficulty of water blocking is greatest when the flooding level is below the elevation of the water inrush point. Based on whether the location of the water inrush point and the water inrush channel has been identified, as well as whether the spatial position relationship of the roadways around the water inrush point can be determined, it is divided into three categories: direct sealing, exploration before treatment, and a combination of exploration and treatment with exploration as the main approach. (4) The dynamic water control mode includes five categories: three types of single technology of water-plugging and two types of combinations of 2 types of water-plugging technology. Among them, the water inrush during roadway tunneling mainly adopts water-flowing roadway interception, water inrush channel interception and the combination of the two water-plugging modes. The water inrush during mining face extraction mainly adopts water source-blocking of water inrush aquifer, water inrush channel interception and the combination of the two water-plugging modes. (5) Dynamic water control is a typical post-grouting project, featuring instantaneous response grouting properties. The evaluation of water-blocking effect primarily relies on measured changes in water inrush volume and water level in the water-inrush aquifer, supplemented by drilling grouting characteristic analysis and geophysical exploration monitoring. The common indicators of various evaluation methods for water-plugging effect are the mechanical strength and permeability of the water-blocking body constructed by the final grouting. Taking the commonly used first and third types of roadway interception dynamic water control technologies as examples, a fluid-solid coupling mathematical model for dynamic water control is established for numerical simulation of water-blocking effect. The results indicate that the water-blocking wall skeleton of the third type of water-flowing roadway interception exhibits high resistance and low permeability in water-blocking performance. (6) The common problem of dynamic water treatment is that it is difficult for slurry to stay, accumulate and consolidate in the target space of water plugging, which leads to the large amount of work and long construction period of water plugging project. The next development direction includes in-depth theoretical research on dynamic water grouting, establishing a discipline of dynamic water control engineering, and forming control standards for dynamic water grouting projects; constructing a transparent geological system for mine water filling factors; developing grouting materials with controllable diffusion range and flow direction, high bond mechanical strength, good toughness, impermeability, good inject ability, low price, and wide sources, as well as efficient, controllable, and intelligent grouting equipment and processes.