Deformation characteristics of coal measures and gas occurrence law of coal mines in North China
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摘要: 瓦斯既是煤矿灾害的致灾因素之一，又是重要的清洁能源，厘清煤系变形瓦斯赋存规律是煤矿瓦斯灾害预防和煤层气高效开发的基础。以华北煤系为研究对象，以构造演化及控制为主线，运用板块构造、构造演化和瓦斯赋存构造逐级控制等理论，系统研究华北煤系变形特征与煤矿瓦斯赋存规律。结果表明，华北板块处于三大构造域相互作用交接的中心，控制着华北板块的形成与演化，华北板块与周缘板块之间的相互作用制约煤系的形成、赋存和变形，控制构造煤的形成与分布，同时控制着煤矿瓦斯的生成、运移和保存；华北煤系变形强度具有由板缘向板内、由挤压型造山带向远离造山带减弱的趋势；构造煤的形成与分布和构造演化过程中煤系变形有较好的一致性，构造煤的发育程度也具有由板缘向板内以及由靠近挤压型造山带向远离造山带减弱的趋势，伸展构造带构造煤不发育，但伸展背景下形成的大型滑脱构造容易形成成层发育的构造煤；华北煤矿瓦斯分布具有明显的区带特征，可划分为7个高突瓦斯区和6个低瓦斯区，进一步划分为15个高(突)瓦斯带和13个低瓦斯带。研究成果对国家有的放矢的瓦斯治理和煤层气开发具有重要的指导意义。Abstract: Gas is not only one of the important disaster-causing factors in coal mines, but also an important clean energy. Understanding the deformation characteristics of coal measures and the occurrence of gas is the basis for coal mine gas disaster prevention and coalbed methane development. Taking the North China coal measures as the research object, taking the tectonic evolution and control as the main line, using the theory of plate tectonics, tectonic evolution and step by step control of gas-occurring structures, the deformation characteristics of the North China coal-measures and the law of coal mine gas occurrence were systematically studied. The research results show that the North China Plate is at the center of the interaction and junction of the three major tectonic domains and controls the formation and evolution of the coal measures. The interaction between the North China Plate and the peripheral plates restricted the formation, occurrence and deformation of the coal-measure strata, controlled the formation and distribution of tectonic coal, thereby controlling the generation, migration and preservation of coal mine gas; The deformation strength of the North China coal measures has a tendency to weaken from the edge of the plate to the interior of the plate, from the compression orogenic belt to the far orogenic belt; The formation and distribution of coal measures are in good agreement with the deformation of coal measures in the process of tectonic evolution. The development degree of tectonic coal also has a tendency to weaken from the edge of the plate to the interior of the plate and from the nearby compression orogenic belt to the far the orogenic belt. The tectonic coal is not developed in the extending tectonic zones, but the large detachment structures formed under the extensional background is easy to form layered tectonic coal; The gas distribution in North China coal mines has obvious regional characteristics, which can be divided into 7 high gas outburst areas and 6 low gas areas, further divided into 15 high (abrupt) gas belts and 13 low gas belts. The research results have important guiding significance for targeted gas control and coalbed methane development.
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Key words:
- North China coal measures /
- geological structure /
- tectonic evolution /
- tectonic coal /
- gas occurrence
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图 2 华北赋煤区煤系变形分区
①北缘断裂带；②华北赋煤区南缘断裂带；③郯庐断裂带；④遵化–包头基底隆起带；⑤鄂尔多斯西缘逆冲断裂带；⑥华北含煤盆地南缘逆冲断裂带；⑦昌平–宁河断裂带；⑧丰沛断裂带；⑨离石断裂带；⑩紫荆关断裂带
Fig. 2 Deformation zones of coal measures in North China coal-bearing areas
图 4 华北赋煤区煤矿瓦斯地质简图
Fig. 4 Sketch map of coal mine gas geology in North China coal-bearing areas
表 1 华北赋煤区煤系变形分区分带与构造煤特征
Table 1 Deformation of coal measures and development characteristics of tectonic coal in coal-bearing areas of North China
变形区 煤系下移变形带 构造变形性质 构造煤发育特征 华北板块北缘强挤压变形区 北部强挤压变形带 强挤压变形，强度由北向南递减 主要为Ⅲ–Ⅳ类构造煤 北部弱挤压变形带 东段京(东)津唐煤田煤系变形强度中等，中段变形强度在中环带最为显著，西段蔚县变形强度中等 京西煤田主要为Ⅲ–Ⅳ类构造煤，京津唐煤田局部发育Ⅲ–Ⅳ类构造煤，冀北蔚县煤田构造煤不发育 鄂尔多斯盆地西缘强挤压变形区 鄂尔多斯盆地西缘强挤压变形带 强挤压变形，强度由盆缘向盆地内部递减 主要为Ⅲ–Ⅳ类构造煤 华北板块南缘强挤压变形区 陕豫皖逆冲推覆构造变形带 强挤压变形，强度由南向北递减 主要为Ⅲ–Ⅳ类构造煤 豫西–徐淮构造变形带 强变形，豫西重力滑动下的强挤压剪切变形，徐淮逆冲推覆下的挤压变形 豫西普遍发育Ⅳ–Ⅴ类构造煤，徐淮主要为Ⅲ–Ⅳ类构造煤，豫东构造煤不发育 鄂尔多斯盆地弱变形区 鄂尔多斯盆地弱挤压变形带 弱挤压变形 以原生结构煤为主，构造煤不发育 山西地块过渡变形区 山西地块过渡变形带 弱挤压与伸展变形 以原生结构煤为主，在盆缘及构造局部发育Ⅱ–Ⅲ类构造煤 渤海湾盆地伸展变形区 渤海湾盆地强烈伸展变形带 强烈伸展变形 以原生结构煤为主 鲁西强烈伸展变形带 强烈伸展变形 以原生结构煤为主，局部受重力滑动影响发育小规模构造煤 太行山东麓挤压变带 挤压变形，变形由造山带内侧向外侧减弱 主要为Ⅲ–Ⅳ类构造煤，局部发育Ⅳ–Ⅴ类构造煤 注：Ⅰ类—原生结构煤(非破坏煤)；Ⅱ类—碎裂结构煤(破坏煤)；Ⅲ类—碎粒结构煤(强烈破坏煤)；Ⅳ类—粉粒结构煤(粉碎煤)；Ⅴ类—糜棱结构煤(全粉煤)。 
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