Distribution characteristics and paleo-climatic significance of continental climate-sensitive sediments in the Late Cretaceous in China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1986.2021.05.021
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Abstract: The Cretaceous is a typical period for studying the greenhouse climate and the earth system interactions, and the world's most extensive terrestrial strata are mainly in East Asia, especially in China. Continental sediments can effectively reflect the paleo-climate change, but the previous studies of the Late Cretaceous paleo-climate, based on the combined characteristics of continental climate-sensitive sediments, were barely found in China. To obtain the Late Cretaceous paleo-climate characteristics of China, the distribution characteristics of different continental climate-sensitive sediment types in the early, middle and Late Cretaceous in China were studied in detail. According to the distribution and combination characteristics and types of continental climate-sensitive sediments, seven climate types can be divided: 1) warm-humid and warm-dry climate; 2) hot and dry climate; 3) hot-dry and arid climate; 4) hot-dry and semiarid climate; 5) hot-dry and hot-wet climate; 6) hot-dry and warm-humid climate; 7) hot-dry and warm-dry climate. The results show that in the early Late Cretaceous, the hot and dry climate was the most widespread, followed by warm-humid and warm-dry climate, but the climate was drier than the paleo-climate of the previous study of Early Cretaceous. Hot and dry climate zone became wider in the Coniacian and Maastrichtian; furthermore, it covered Xinjiang to the east of China from east to west after the Santonian Period. The hot-dry and semiarid climate zone was nearly latitudinally distributed from the northwest to the southeast and it shows a further increase in aridification. Global geological events, paleogeographic features and regional tectonic evolution had significant impacts on the paleoclimate of China in the Late Cretaceous, such as global eruptive events of volcanoes led to the temperature increase in China in the early Late Cretaceous; coastal mountain ranges in southeastern China led to the drying of the Late Cretaceous climate in southern China; Xuefeng Mountains, Wuling Mountains, Nanling Mountains and Tai-hang Mountains were the dividing line between the hot and dry climate zone and hot-dry and arid climate zone in the early Late Cretaceous, and Altun Mountains were the dividing line between the southeastern section of the hot and dry climate zone in western China in the middle Late Cretaceous.
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Key words:
- Late Cretaceous /
- continental /
- climate-sensitive sediments /
- China /
- climate type /
- influence factor
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Fig. 1 Continental climate-sensitive sediments and distribution of climatic zones in the early Late Cretaceous
Fig. 2 Continental climate-sensitive sediments and distribution of climatic zones in the middle Late Cretaceous
Fig. 3 Continental climate-sensitive sediments and distribution of climatic zones in the late period of Late Cretaceous
Fig. 4 Main continental sedimentary basins in the Late Cretaceous in China(Comprehensive compilation based on Cao, 2010, 2013; A. Ziegler et al., 2011)
JY-Jiayin Basin; SL-Songliao Basin; NH-Nanhua North Basin; HF - Hefei Basin; SB - Subei Basin; HH - South Huanghai Basin; JH - Jianghan Basin; YM - Yuanma (Yuanling-Mayang) Basin; SC - Sichuan Basin; CX - Chuxiong Basin; TL - Tarim Basin; ZG - Junggar Basin; Th - Tuha Basin; YE – Yin'e (Yingen-Ejina Banner) Basin; EL - Erlian Basin; F1 - Yilan Yitong Fault; F2 - Dunhua-Mishan Fault; F3 - Altun Fault; F4 - Jinshajiang-Honghe Fault; F5-Bangong-Nujiang Suture Zone; F6 - Tanlu Fault Zone; F7 - Longmenshan Fault; F8 - Ganzhou-Hangzhou Fault Zone;
Table 1 Types of continental climate-sensitive sediments and their climate significance
Main category Sub-category Specific sedimentary types described in the literature Climate type indicated Calcareous sediment[39] Limy conglomerate Arid and semiarid climate Calcareous sandstone Limy grit; Calcareous grit; Calcareous feldspathic quartz sandstone; Calcareous lithic sandstone; Calcareous and argillaceous lithic feldspathic sandstone; Ostracod calcareous sandstone; Limy dolomitic sandstone Calcareous siltstone Limy silty, fine sandstone; Calcareous and argillaceous lithic siltstone; Calcareous mudstone Calcareous silty claystone; Gravel-bearing calcareous silty mudstone Calcareous concretion Limy concretions, calcareous clumps, limy clumps Combustible organic rock[36, 40, 48-49] Coal Coal, carbonized coal; carbonaceous shale Subtropical-temperate warm and humid climate Oil shale Evaporite [50] Gypsum Anhydrite; massive gypsum; powdered gypsum; thin and vein gypsum; gypsum-bearing silty clay; gypsum mudstone; gypsum-bearing silty mudstone Semiarid and arid subtropical warm and dry climate Halite Hot and dry climate Desert sedimentary system [35] Ventifact; sand dunes; wadi; wet interdune and evaporative interdune Tropical and subtropical dry and hot climate Ferruginous sediments[34] Ferruginous sandstone; ferruginous mudstone Subtropical-tropical hot and humid climate Copper-bearing sediment [37] Copper-bearing siltstone Semiarid climate with humid to arid transition Volcano-related sediments[44] Volcanic rock Andesitic basalt, basalt; diorite porphyrite vein; rhyolite, silicified rhyolite High-temperature environment Pyroclastic rock Volcanic breccia and tuffaceous breccia; tuff; tuffaceous conglomerate; tuffaceous sandstone; tuffaceous mudstone Limestone[38] Calcarenite; hafnon limestone; oolitic limestone; algal limestone; biological limestone; marl, gray marl and shell marl; laminar micrite; microcrystalline limestone lens; crystal powder-micritic dolomite-bearing limestone Warm and dry environment with high temperature Dolomite[45, 50] Calcareous dolomite; crystal powder lime-dolomite; crystal powder lime-dolomite; argillaceous dolomite; dolomitic (argillaceous) shale Hot dry environment 
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