Abstract: Aiming at many problems that the intense coal resources development and the ecological environmental protection supported by groundwater as the core are facing in the coal mining areas of Shaanxi-Inner Mongolia, on the basis of the geological and hydrogeological characteristics in the areas, from the concept connotation and the interdependent relation related to groundwater system and water environments, the paper proposed the concept of groundwater environment system. Starting with structural feature, behavior attribute and functional controlling factors of the system, divided the groundwater environment system into the "structure-controlled layer", "hydraulic-driven layer" and "external disturbed layer", analyzed the function, role, principal components and their characteritic index of different structural layers. Through the analysis of the crossfeed mechanism of coal mining activities and the structural factors related to groundwater environment system, it is concluded that mining activities disturb the "structure-Controlled layer" and result in the response of "hydraulic-driven layer", is the basic reason for the evolution of the groundwater environment system.