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试论矿山生态修复的地质成土

胡振琪 张子璇 孙煌

胡振琪,张子璇,孙煌. 试论矿山生态修复的地质成土[J]. 煤田地质与勘探,2022,50(12):21−29. doi: 10.12363/issn.1001-1986.22.06.0463
引用本文: 胡振琪,张子璇,孙煌. 试论矿山生态修复的地质成土[J]. 煤田地质与勘探,2022,50(12):21−29. doi: 10.12363/issn.1001-1986.22.06.0463
HU Zhenqi,ZHANG Zixuan,SUN Huang. Geological soil formation for ecological restoration of mining areas and its case study[J]. Coal Geology & Exploration,2022,50(12):21−29. doi: 10.12363/issn.1001-1986.22.06.0463
Citation: HU Zhenqi,ZHANG Zixuan,SUN Huang. Geological soil formation for ecological restoration of mining areas and its case study[J]. Coal Geology & Exploration,2022,50(12):21−29. doi: 10.12363/issn.1001-1986.22.06.0463

试论矿山生态修复的地质成土

doi: 10.12363/issn.1001-1986.22.06.0463
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFC1806505);国家自然科学基金项目(41771542);国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)项目(2003AA322040)
详细信息
    第一作者:

    胡振琪,1963年生,男,安徽五河人,博士,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为矿山土地复垦与生态修复. E-mail:huzq1963@ 163.com

  • 中图分类号: TD88

Geological soil formation for ecological restoration of mining areas and its case study

  • 摘要: 土壤是植物生长的重要基质,是矿山生态修复成败的关键。针对大多数矿山生态修复所面临缺少土壤的现状和土壤漫长的地质成土过程的现实,试图在阐述自然地质成土原理的基础上,探讨矿山生态修复中的地质成土(简称矿山地质成土)的概念与方法。自然地质成土是地质大循环和生物小循环历经漫长时期将“岩石”变成“土壤”的过程,其中风化、黏化、有机质积聚以及元素的交换和迁移是重要的自然地质成土过程。矿山地质成土是指仿自然地质成土过程,通过筛选矿区可利用的成土母质或土壤材料,采用物理、化学和生物措施促进土壤快速发育和熟化并在短期内形成期望土壤功能、达到自我可持续发育状态的过程,其实质为人工造土。方法包含矿山地质成土的需求分析、成土材料的筛选、土壤材料的组配和生物熟化4步骤,还阐述了矿山地质成土与矿山复垦土壤重构的关系。以内蒙古某露天煤矿生态修复为例,详细讨论基于原始地层材料的露天矿表土的矿山地质成土过程,筛选出原始第3层土壤作为新表土的最优土壤材料组配与生物熟化方法;以矿山固体废弃物为土壤材料,介绍利用自然地质成土原理所构造的煤基生物土的方法;同时对黄河泥沙基矿山地质成土在西部矿区生态修复中的应用给予了展望。

     

  • 图  自然地质成土过程及其产物

    Fig. 1  Process of natural geological soil formation and its products

    图  矿山地质成土过程

    Fig. 2  The process of geological soil formation

    图  研究区地质柱状图

    Fig. 3  Geological bar chart of the study area

    图  紫花苜蓿生物量(地上部干重)

    Fig. 4  Biomass of Medicago sativa (aerial dry weight)

    图  不同处理紫花苜蓿生物量

    Fig. 5  Biomass of Medicago sativa in different treatments

    图  不同处理接种菌根后的植株生物量

    Fig. 6  Plant biomass after mycorrhizal inoculation in different treatments

    图  煤基生物土野外场地植物长势

    Fig. 7  Plant growth in the field of coal-based biological soil

    表  1  露天矿各层不同基质粒度组成含量

    Table  1  Particle size distribution of different soil materials in open-pit mine layers

    样品组不同粒径范围的质量分数/%质地
    细黏粒粗黏粒细粉粒中粉粒粗粉粒细砂粒
    <0.001 mm0.001~0.002 mm0.002~0.005 mm0.005~0.010 mm0.010~0.05 mm0.05~0.25 mm
    CK2.209.1713.7712.0258.234.61粉砂土
    Ⅱ124.0338.2922.667.287.740粉黏土
    Ⅱ259.1435.613.841.120.290黏土
    Ⅲ195.354.630.02000重黏土
    Ⅲ299.850.150000重黏土
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2  试验设计

    Table  2  Experimental design (g·kg−1)

    处理组蛭石玉米秸秆硝基腐殖酸
    T110100.5
    T210301.0
    T310501.5
    T430101.5
    T530300.5
    T630501.0
    T750101.0
    T850301.5
    T950500.5
    下载: 导出CSV
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  • 收稿日期:  2022-06-08
  • 修回日期:  2022-09-15
  • 刊出日期:  2022-12-25
  • 网络出版日期:  2022-11-29

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