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浅埋煤层开采地面塌陷裂缝规律及防治方法

侯恩科 谢晓深 冯栋 陈秋计 车晓阳 侯鹏飞

侯恩科,谢晓深,冯栋,等. 浅埋煤层开采地面塌陷裂缝规律及防治方法[J]. 煤田地质与勘探,2022,50(12):30−40. doi: 10.12363/issn.1001-1986.22.05.0427
引用本文: 侯恩科,谢晓深,冯栋,等. 浅埋煤层开采地面塌陷裂缝规律及防治方法[J]. 煤田地质与勘探,2022,50(12):30−40. doi: 10.12363/issn.1001-1986.22.05.0427
HOU Enke,XIE Xiaoshen,FENG Dong,et al. Laws and prevention methods of ground cracks in shallow coal seam mining[J]. Coal Geology & Exploration,2022,50(12):30−40. doi: 10.12363/issn.1001-1986.22.05.0427
Citation: HOU Enke,XIE Xiaoshen,FENG Dong,et al. Laws and prevention methods of ground cracks in shallow coal seam mining[J]. Coal Geology & Exploration,2022,50(12):30−40. doi: 10.12363/issn.1001-1986.22.05.0427

浅埋煤层开采地面塌陷裂缝规律及防治方法

doi: 10.12363/issn.1001-1986.22.05.0427
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(42177174);陕西省联合基金项目−企业−陕煤联合基金项目(2021JLM-09);陕西省软科学研究计划项目(2022KRM034)
详细信息
    第一作者:

    侯恩科,1963年生,男,陕西扶风人,博士,教授,博士生导师,从事煤矿地质环境保护与矿井水害防治的教学与科研工作.E-mail:houek@xust.edu.cn

  • 中图分类号: TD745

Laws and prevention methods of ground cracks in shallow coal seam mining

  • 摘要: 陕北浅埋煤层大规模、高强度开采诱发了严重的地面塌陷,造成大面积土地损毁、水土流失和植被死亡,导致表生环境出现退化。为掌握浅埋煤层开采地面塌陷裂缝发育规律,明晰其机理,提出适宜的治理恢复措施,实现“煤−水−生态”的协调发展,以陕北张家峁井田和柠条塔井田为研究区,采用实地调查、模拟实验和理论分析相结合的方法开展了浅埋煤层开采地面塌陷规律及防治方法研究。结果表明:浅埋煤层开采地表裂缝呈“O”型展布,静态发育特征与采高和地形地貌呈正相关关系、与采深呈负相关关系,且同一工作面切眼附近地表裂缝发育程度最高、巷道次之、面内最低;地表裂缝具有“先开后(半)合”和“只开不合”2种活动特征,整体活动时间为4~9 d,活动期间裂缝初始开裂宽度与最大发育宽度呈线性正相关关系,与稳定宽度呈线性和指数2种正相关关系;黄土沟壑区下坡段开采地表裂缝活动与表土块体的稳定性系数有关,而稳定系数与坡角呈负相关的一次幂函数,与主裂缝间距呈正相关的一次幂函数。上坡段开采坡体裂缝“先开后(半)合”活动受岩块倒转和坡体滑移双重控制,面内沟底裂缝“先开后合”的活动特征受关键岩层运移控制。研究提出了黄土沟壑区沟底贯通型裂缝“裂缝填充+沟道恢复”、坡体裂缝 “裂缝充填+微地形改造”的治理方法和风沙滩地塌陷区的“三圈”修复模式。研究成果在陕北安山煤矿和柠条塔煤矿进行了应用,效果良好。

     

  • 图  研究区位置

    Fig. 1  Location map of study area

    图  地表裂缝类型及组合方式

    Fig. 2  Types and combination modes of surface cracks

    图  地表裂缝平面展布特征

    Fig. 3  Plane distribution characteristics of surface cracks

    图  S1230工作面不同位置地表裂缝宽度占比

    Fig. 4  Ratio of surface crack width of working face S1230

    图  不同区域部分地表裂缝活动特征

    Fig. 5  Characteristics of surface fracture activity

    图  活动期间裂缝宽度变化规律

    Fig. 6  Variation law of crack width during activity

    图  相似材料模拟模型

    Fig. 7  Similar material simulation model

    图  采动覆岩垮落及结构特征

    Fig. 8  Caving and structural characteristics of mining overlying strata

    图  开采结束覆岩及地表破坏特征

    Fig. 9  Characteristics of overburden and surface failure at the end of mining

    图  10  采煤“覆岩–地表”运移模式

    Fig. 10  “Overburden-surface” migration model of coal mining

    图  11  块体几何结构与力学特征

    Fig. 11  Geometric structure and mechanical characteristics of blocks

    图  12  沟底裂缝岩土块体活动机理

    Fig. 12  An indication of the activity mechanism of cracks at the bottom of the trench

    图  13  沟底贯通型地表裂缝治理

    Fig. 13  Treatment of surface cracks with penetration at the bottom of the ditch

    图  14  坡体裂缝治理方法

    Fig. 14  Treatment method of slope crack

    图  15  微地形改造技术

    Fig. 15  Technology of micro-topography transformation

    图  16  风沙滩地塌陷区“三圈”修复

    Fig. 16  The sign of “three circles” restoration in the subsidence area of eolian sand beach

    图  17  安山煤矿125203工作面地形特征[23]

    Fig. 17  Topographic characteristics of working face 125203 in Anshan Coal Mine[23]

    图  18  陕北安山煤矿125203面裂缝治理效果

    Fig. 18  Governance effect of engineering practice in working face 125203 of Anshan Coal Mine of northern Shaanxi

    图  19  陕北柠条塔煤矿北翼部分实践工程

    Fig. 19  Part of practice projects in Ningtiaota Coal Mine of northern Shaanxi

    图  20  陕北柠条塔煤矿北翼生态修复示范区

    Fig. 20  Demonstration area of ecological restoration in the north of Ningtiaota Coal Mine of northern Shaanxi

    表  1  工作面开采条件与裂缝宽度分区占比数据

    Table  1  Ratio data of mining conditions of working faces and widths of fracture zone

    煤矿工作面开采条件裂缝宽度分区占比/%
    采高/m采深/m开采方式地形地貌0~5 cm>5~10 cm>10~15 cm>15~20 cm>20 cm
    柠条塔N12124.8178.0综采黄土沟壑46.025.015.05.09.0
    S12306.5181.0综采风沙滩地53.029.08.04.06.0
    S120024.1191.0综采风沙滩地75.010.06.02.07.0
    S120134.0142.0N00工法风沙滩地91.09.0000
    张家峁142093.893.0综采黄土沟壑85.011.01.003.0
    152096.0210.0综采黄土沟壑69.022.07.02.00
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  • 收稿日期:  2022-06-01
  • 修回日期:  2022-09-22
  • 刊出日期:  2022-12-25
  • 网络出版日期:  2022-12-02

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