Exploration and development process of coalbed methane in eastern margin of Ordos Basin and its enlightenment
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摘要: 鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤层埋深变化较大，不同埋深的煤层气成藏特征及储层改造方式差别较大。目前煤层气勘探开发深度逐渐从1 000 m以浅延伸到2 000 m以深，为了研究不同埋深条件下煤层气资源高效勘探开发理论技术，系统梳理回顾了鄂尔多斯盆地东缘近30年的勘探开发实践，按照地质认识转变、技术发展、勘探工作量、勘探成果和产气量变化，将鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤层气勘探开发历程分为3个阶段：浅层煤层气勘探阶段，在“浅层富煤区构造高点富集”理论指导下，寻找“煤层埋深小于800 m、煤层厚度大、高含气量、构造高点”目标，发现韩城WL1井区气田；浅–中深层煤层气规模勘探阶段，以“水动力控气–构造调整–缓坡单斜”成藏理论指导，优选“埋深小于1 500 m、水动力封闭条件好、煤层厚度大、高含气量、缓坡单斜及正向构造”甜点，发现保德、临汾煤层气田，转变储层改造理念，实现韩城构造煤有效增产改造；深层煤层气勘探突破阶段，提出“温压控气、高饱和”成藏模式，指导2 000 m以深煤层气的勘探突破。在此基础上，重点剖析了典型区块的煤层气赋存、富集特征和目标方向，总结了鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤层气勘探开发获得的3点启示：保存条件是保德区块浅层煤层气富集成藏的重要因素；3类顶板间接压裂射孔模式支撑了韩城构造煤增产改造；“地质–工程”甜点评价助推了大宁−吉县深层煤层气勘探突破。Abstract: The buried depth of coal seam in the eastern margin of Ordos Basin changes greatly, and the characteristics of coalbed methane reservoir formation and reservoir reconstruction methods vary greatly with different buried depths. At present, coalbed methane exploration gradually extends from a shallow area of 1 000 m to a deeper area of 2 000 m. To study the theory and technology of efficient exploration and development of coalbed methane resources under different burial depths, this paper reviews the exploration and development practices in the eastern margin of Ordos Basin in the past 30 years. According to the changes of geological knowledge, technological development, exploration workload, exploration achievements and gas production,the process of coalbed methane exploration and development in the eastern margin of Ordos Basin is divided into three stages In the first stage of exploring shallow coalbed methane(CBM), under the guidance of the theory of “enrichment of tectonic highs in shallow coal-rich areas”, the gas field in Hancheng WL1 well area is discovered,with coal seam burial depth less than 800 m, large coal seam thickness and high gas content. In the second stage of. shallow-scale of deep coal bed methane exploration, Under the guidance of “hydrodynamic gas control-tectonic adjustment-gently sloping monocline” formation theory, we selected the sweet spots with “burial depth less than 1 500 m, good hydrodynamic closure conditions, large coal seam thickness, high gas content, gently sloping monocline and positive tectonics”, and discovered the coal-bed methane fields in Baode and Linfen, changing the concept of reservior transformation, and realized the effective production enhancement and transformation of Hancheng tectonic coal. In the breakthrough stage of deep CBM exploration, the reservoir formation model of “temperature -pressure controlled gas and high saturation” is put forward to guide the exploration breakthrough of CBM in depth of more than 2 000 m. On this basis, the occurrence, enrichment characteristics and target direction of coalbed methane in typical blocks are analyzed, and three enlightenments from coalbed methane exploration and development in the eastern margin of Ordos Basin are summarized: Preservation conditions are important factors for enrichment and accumulation of shallow coalbed methane in Baode block; Three types of indirect roof fracturing and perforating modes support the coal seam stimulation in Hancheng structure; The “geology-engineering” sweet spot evaluation boosts the exploration breakthrough of deep coalbed methane in Daning-Jixian Block.
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图 1 鄂尔多斯盆地东缘区域位置与煤系综合柱状图
Fig. 1 Location map of the study area and coalbed column in eastern margin of Ordos Basin
图 2 鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤层气勘探阶段划分
Fig. 2 Exploration stage of coalbed methane in eastern margin of Ordos Basin
图 3 鄂尔多斯盆地东缘勘探钻井工作量统计
Fig. 3 Exploration and drilling workloads in eastern margin of Ordos Basin
图 6 大宁–吉县区块深层煤储层孔隙与裂隙特征
Fig. 6 Pores and fractures of deep coal reservoir in Daning-Jixian Block
表 1 煤层与顶底板岩石力学性质
Table 1 Rock mechanical properties of coal seam, roof and floor
层位 最小主应力/MPa 弹性模量/
MPa泊松比 5号煤层顶板 14.3 21 050 0.239 6 5号煤层 13.4 6 765 0.262 4 5号煤层底板 15.1 14 251 0.249 0 11号煤层顶板 15.7 15 279 0.248 5 11号煤层 13.9 6 543 0.354 4 11号煤层底板 16.2 18 072 0.246 3 
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表 2 顶板间接压裂模式与射孔优化
Table 2 Indirect fracturing modes and perforation optimization of roof
顶板间接
压裂模式产气通
道类型射孔优化 射孔位置 射孔长度 煤层+砂岩顶板压裂 顶板+煤层通道 煤体结构较完整时，顶板与煤层射孔比例1∶1；煤体结构破碎时，顶板与煤层射孔比例2∶1 邻井施工压力较低，顶板砂岩砂质质量分数大于80%，射孔长度3.0~3.5 m；邻井施工压力较高，顶板砂岩砂质质量分数低于80%，射孔长度3.5~4.0 m 砂岩顶板压裂 顶板通道 新射孔段与原射孔段距离4~5 m，优选顶板砂质含量高的位置射孔 邻井施工压力较低，顶板砂岩砂质质量分数大于80%，射孔长度3.0~3.5 m；邻井施工压力较高，顶板砂岩砂质含量低于80%，射孔长度3.5~4.0 m 泥岩顶板压裂 顶板通道 新射孔段与原射孔段距离4~5 m；优选顶板GR较低位置射孔 邻井施工压力较低，顶板GR<120 API，射孔长度3.0~3.5 m；邻井施工压力较高，顶板GR>120 API，射孔长度3.5~4.0 m
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表 3 深层煤层气地质−工程甜点评价指标
Table 3 Evaluation indexes of deep coal bed methane geology-engineering sweet spot
地质甜点区 工程甜点区 指标 标准 指标 标准 构造特征 正向构造、平缓单斜 顶底板岩性及力学性质 致密灰岩、泥岩 煤层厚度/m 6~15 顶板隔层应力差/MPa >6 埋深/m 2 000~2 600 底板隔层应力差/MPa >6 含气量/(m3·t−1) >20 煤体结构 原生结构
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