Research progress and development direction of key technologies for efficient coalbed methane development in China
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摘要: “十三五”期间，围绕“突破煤层气单井产量低”这一制约我国煤层气高效开发的重大难题，借助国家科技重大专项和其他技术攻关研究，煤层气勘探开发理论认识和工程技术都取得明显进展，表现在4个方面：(1) 勘探理念从寻找富集甜点区向高产甜点区转变,开发部署由平铺式到精细化调整转变。(2) 围绕高效增产技术方面，在实现由二维地震向三维地震、由直井(丛式井)向水平井实践拓展的同时，创新形成以储层改造为主的系列压裂技术，包括碎软煤间接压裂、方解石填充深部(层)煤层气水平井少段多簇体积酸化压裂、特低渗深部(层)煤层气水平井超大规模极限压裂等技术，初步解决了构造煤煤层气效益开发难题，突破了2 000 m以深部(层)压裂改造技术瓶颈，推动了煤层气开发从中浅层向深部(层)的延伸；(3) 围绕排采技术方面，创新形成定量化排采多目标优化设计、煤层气井无杆举升、负压排采等关键技术，推动煤层气排采控制由定性向半定量、定量转变，解决了丛式井组集成化排采和水平井下倾排采难题，有效提高了单井产量和煤层气采收率；(4) 围绕稳产增产储备技术方面，创新提出包括大直径水平井应力释放采气、煤层气可控温注氮驱替增产等技术，为实现煤层气二次开发提供了技术储备。针对我国煤层气产业处于“爬坡期”和“战略机遇期”的阶段特点，围绕“碳达峰碳中和”目标背景，在系统梳理目前亟需解决的技术难题基础上，提出我国煤层气产业“两步走”发展战略：到2025年实现理论与技术新突破，达到国家“十四五”规划年产100×108 m3目标，坚定产业发展信心；到2030年形成针对我国不同地质条件的适用性技术，达到年产300×108 m3目标，成为天然气总产量的重要组成部分。相应对策是：从技术和管理2个维度，按照资源、技术、人才、政策和投资等五大要素，遵循“技术突破为核心、五位一体、协同创新”原则，研究制定并落实配套保障措施，并从高效开发和提高单井产量两方面，提出关系煤层气产业未来发展9方面的理论研究及技术攻关方向，以满足实现煤层气产业高质量发展的目标。Abstract: During the 13th Five Year Plan period, the major problem of the low output of a single well of coalbed methane (CBM) has restricted the efficient development of CBM in China. Through Major National Science and Technology Projects and other technical researches, significant progress has been made in the theoretical understanding and engineering technology of CBM exploration and development. It is manifested in four aspects as follows. Firstly, the exploration concept has changed from looking for rich dessert areas to high-yield dessert areas, and the extensive development deployment has become finer. Secondly, in terms of efficient stimulation technology, with the expansion from two-dimensional seimic to three-dimensional seimic and from vertical wells (cluster wells) to horizontal wells, a new series of fracturing stimulation technologies for coal reservoirs transformation are developed, including indirect fracturing of crushed soft coal, multi-cluster acid fracturing of few sections of horizontal wells applied to calcite filled deep coal seams, and ultra-large-scale limit fracturing of horizontal wells in ultra-low permeability deep coal seams. These technologies have preliminarily solved the problem of economic benefit development of structural coal CBM, broken through the bottleneck of fracturing technology in coal seams with a depth of more than 2 000 m, and promoted the extension of CBM development from medium-shallow layers to deep layers. Thirdly, in terms of drainage and production technology, key technologies such as quantitative drainage and production multi-objective optimization design, CBM well rodless lifting and negative pressure drainage technology have been developed, promoting the transformation of CBM drainage and production control from qualitative to semi-quantitative and quantitative, solving the drainage and production problems of integrated cluster well groups and downward inclined horizontal wells, and effectively improving the production of single wells and the recovery rate of CBM. At last, in terms of stable production and stimulation technology, the innovative technologies are proposed, including stress release gas production of large-diameter horizontal wells and controllable temperature nitrogen injection displacement and stimulation of CBM, which provides technical reserves for the secondary development of CBM. In view of the stage characteristics of China’s CBM industry in the “climbing period” and “strategic opportunity period”, and the goal of the “carbon peak and neutrality”, based on the technical problems that need to be solved, this paper puts forward the “two-step” development strategy of China’s CBM industry. (1) By 2025, breakthroughs will be made in theory and technology, reaching the national target of 10 billion cubic meters per year in the 14th Five Year Plan, and strengthening confidence in industrial development. (2) By 2030, applicable technologies for different geological conditions in China will be formed, reaching the target of annual output of 30 billion cubic meters, and becoming an important part of natural gas production. The corresponding countermeasures are as follows. From the perspective of technology and management, according to the five elements of resources, technology, talents, policy and investment, and in line with the principle of “technological breakthrough as the core, five in one and collaborative innovation”, supporting safeguard measures are studied, formulated and implemented. Moreover, from the two aspects of efficient development and increasing the output of single well, theoretical research and technical research directions in nine aspects related to the future development of CBM industry are put forward, so as to achieve the goal of realizing the high-quality development of national CBM industry.
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图 2 裂隙多为方解石填充的深部(层)煤岩心
Fig. 2 Fractures of the deep coal core mostly filled with calcite
图 3 酸液浸泡深部(层)煤储层岩心前后扫描电镜结果
Fig. 3 Scanning results of electron microscope scanning before and after acid immersion of the deep coal core
图 4 多目标最优化定量化排采技术路线
Fig. 4 Technical roadmap of multi-objective optimization quantitative drainage and production
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