Characteristics of roof water inflow and control technology for high intensity mining in Dongsheng Mining Area,Shenfu Coalfield
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摘要: 针对我国西部矿区煤炭开采顶板水害威胁问题,以神府−东胜矿区为研究对象,统计了50个工作面的涌水量数据,总结了不同煤−水组合下5种典型的工作面顶板涌水特征:动态补给主导的持续增长型;“动−静”储量共同作用的先增后稳型;微涌水持续稳定性;水文地质条件差异化局部凸显型以及静储量主导先增后减型。针对每种涌水规律,分析了其成因机制,并提出相应的水害防治思路及措施:当工作面受侧向补给较强时,根据实际水文地质条件可采用帷幕截流措施为主、疏水降压措施为辅的防治手段;当工作面受顶板含水层静储量补给为主时,可提前疏水降压,削峰平谷;当工作面受顶板含水层局部富水区域或采空区涌水补给时,可有针对性地采取疏放、注浆治理等综合措施,消除局部水患等。研究成果对于受顶板水害威胁的西部矿区水害防治工作具有借鉴意义。Abstract: In view of the threat of roof water disasters in coal mining in western China, the water inflow data of 50 working faces are counted in Dongsheng Mining Area of Shenfu Coalfield, and five typical water inflow characteristics are summarized, which are dynamic recharge-led sustained growth type, the increasing first and then stabilizing type with “dynamic-static” reserves acting together, continuous stability of micro inflow, differential hydrogeological conditions locally prominent type, and the increasing first and then decreasing type dominated by static reserves. According to the law of each type of water inrush, the corresponding ideas and measures of water disaster prevention and control are put forward. When the working face is strongly recharged by the side, the curtain closure measures can be used as the main measure with drainage and pressure reduction as the auxiliary measure according to the actual hydrogeological conditions. When the working face is mainly recharged by the static reserves of the roof aquifer, the drainage and pressure reduction can be carried out in advance. When the working face is supplied by the water inflow in the water rich area(or goaf) of the roof aquifer, comprehensive measures such as drainage and grouting treatment can be taken to eliminate local water disasters. The research results provide reference for the prevention and control of water disasters in the mining areas in western China threatened by roof water disasters.
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表 1 区域地层
Table 1 Regional strata
地层单位 厚度(最小~最大值)/m 岩性描述 系 统(群) 组 第四系 全新统 Q4eol,Q4al 0~60 以现代风积沙为主,主要为中细沙及亚沙土,在河谷滩地和一些地势低洼地带为冲击层、冲洪积层,与下伏地层呈角度不整合 上更新统 马兰组(Q3m) 0~30 灰黄色亚沙土(马兰黄土),大孔隙,含钙质结核,具柱状节理,与下伏地层呈角度不整合 萨拉乌苏组(Q3s) 0~160 灰黄–褐黑色粉细沙、亚沙土、沙质黏土,底部有砾石,与下伏地层呈角度不整合 中更新统 离石组(Q2l) 0~165 离石黄土,浅棕黄色–黄褐色亚黏土、亚沙土,夹粉土质沙层、古土壤层、钙质结核层,底部有砾石层 下更新统 三门组(Q1s) 0~50 褐红色–浅肉红色亚黏土、砾石层,夹钙质结核层,与下伏地层呈角度不整合 新近系 上新统 保德组(N2b) 0~175 棕红色–紫红色黏土或砂质黏土,夹钙质结核层,含脊椎动物化石,与下伏地层呈角度不整合 白垩系 志丹群 东胜组(K1zh2) 0~230 上部为浅红色、棕红色含砾砂岩与砾岩互层,下部为黄、黄绿色砾岩 伊金霍洛组(K1zh1) 0~80 上部为深红色泥岩与褐红色细粒砂岩,中部具有大型交错层理的中、粗砂岩,底部为灰绿、褐红色砾岩,与下伏地层呈角度不整合 侏罗系 中统 安定组(J2a) 0~114 紫红、灰紫色砂质泥岩,粉砂岩,中、细粒砂岩不等厚互层,底部为灰
黄色、浅紫红色、中粗粒含砾长石砂岩,巨厚层、透镜状、微含钙质直罗组(J2z) 0~278 灰绿色,局部紫杂色泥岩、砂质泥岩、粉砂岩与灰黄绿色细粒砂岩互层,泥岩多具水平层理,含铁质结核。局部为巨厚层状,灰白色灰黄色中–粗粒含砾长石砂岩,与下伏地层呈平行不整合 中下统 延安组(J1-2y) 20~311 灰白色细、中粒长石砂岩,深灰色泥岩,砂质泥岩及煤层组成的含煤岩系,泥岩中多含菱铁矿结核,泥灰岩透镜体,蒙脱质黏土岩。含丰富瓣鳃化石,煤系自下而上分Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ段,各含一个煤组,自上而下编号1—5组 下统 富县组
(J1f)0~142 上部为浅黄、灰绿、紫红色泥岩,夹砂岩;下部以砂岩为主,局部为砂岩与泥岩互层;底部为浅黄色砾岩,与下伏地层呈平行不整合 三叠系 上统 延长组(T3y) 35~312 黄、灰绿、紫、灰黑色块状中粗粒砂岩,夹灰黑、灰绿色泥岩和煤线 表 2 神府−东胜矿区含(隔)水层特征
Table 2 Characteristics of aquifers(aquifuges) in Dongsheng Mining Area of Shenfu Coalfield
地层 含(隔)水层类型 岩性特征 厚度及富水性特征 分布范围 第四系 冲积层(Q4al) 松散岩类孔
隙含水层组以细沙、粉砂、粉土和粉质土为主 松散含水层组的单位涌水量为0.027~
2.110 L/(s·m),渗透系数(K)为0.02~
30.00 m/d,富水性弱–强河谷区 萨拉乌苏组(Q3s) 以固定、半固定沙丘形式覆盖于地表 广泛分布 离石组(Q2l) 黄土、红土隔水层 以黏土和亚黏土为主,呈浅棕色、棕色,隔水性特征明显 富水性极弱 分布不连续 新近系 保德组(N2b) 以黏土和亚黏土为主,呈浅红色、红色,隔水性特征明显 区域大部分布 白垩系 志丹群(K1zh) 孔隙−裂隙含水层 中粗粒砂岩,局部为含砾粗砂岩及砾岩,结构疏松 该含水层一般厚50~74 m,单位涌水量(q)为0.1~3.0 L/(s·m),渗透系数(K)为0.035~0.980 m/d,富水性中等–强 矿区西北部 侏罗系 安定组(J2a) 隔水层 紫红色、紫杂色泥岩,粉砂岩夹砖红色砂岩 弱 矿区西部 直罗组(J2z) 孔隙–裂隙含水层组 以中–粗砂岩为主,夹薄层泥岩和泥砂岩 该含水层厚度45~138 m,单位涌水量(q)
为0.1~1.0 L/(s·m),含水层渗透系数(K)
为0.037~0.110 m/d,富水性中等–强全区分布 延安组(J1-2y) 含煤地层,以砂岩和泥岩为主 该含水层厚度90~250 m,单位涌水量(q)为0.000 1~0.081 L/(s·m),渗透系数(K)为
0.000 14~0.19 m/d,富水性弱全区分布 表 3 不同工作面涌水类型及防治对策
Table 3 Types of water inrush in different working faces and countermeasures
涌水类型 涌水类型曲线 典型工作面 防治对策 持续增长型 锦界煤矿31401、31409和31201工作面等 侧向动态补给强烈,因此,防治措施以侧向的帷幕截流措施为主,配合开展疏水降压工程 先增后稳型 锦界煤矿31407、31114工作面等 工作面涌水受到侧向和上部含水层静储量共同补给,防治措施以超前疏水降压为主,提前释放工作面上部含水层静储量,避免回采期间对工作面排水系统造成冲击 持续稳定型 上湾煤矿12401工作面、柳塔煤矿12122工作面、榆家梁煤矿52210工作面等 侧向补给微弱,静储量有限,探查工作面范围内的富水异常区,在做好工作面临时排水的基础上,对可能存在的富水异常区进行局部疏放,无需开展大规模疏水降压措施 局部凸显型 哈拉沟煤矿22410、22519工作面和补连塔煤矿12413工作面等 局部特殊地段(采空区、沟流、强富水区等)引起的涌水量增加。针对该类工作面,一定要对局部特殊地段提前探查,采取超前疏放(采空区积水、富水区水)、地表防渗(地表沟流等)以及局部地段的注浆治理等措施 先增后减型 乌兰木伦煤矿31408、12403和布尔台煤矿22102工作面等 针对该类型工作面,采取少量疏放工程即可消除水害隐患,在做好工作面临时排水前提下,顶板涌水对工作面回采影响较小 -
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