Characteristics of roof water hazard of coal seam in Huanglong Coalfield and key technologies for prevention and control
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摘要:
陕西黄陇煤田是我国主要产煤基地之一，煤层开采主要受顶板巨厚洛河组砂岩水威胁，水害防控形势严峻，分析顶板涌水特征、研究水害防控关键技术对于煤矿安全生产具有重大意义。在收集该区域典型煤矿工作面涌水量资料的基础上，分析顶板水害类型及其主控因素，总结工作面涌水量变化规律，并研究顶板巨厚砂岩含水层水害形成机理，进而提出顶板水害防控关键技术。结果表明：(1)黄陇煤田顶板含水层充水可分为持续涌水式、非持续涌水式和泥砂溃涌式3类，持续涌水式包括可控持续型和高强度持续型，非持续涌水式分为离层涌水型(包括偶发离层涌水型和频发离层涌水型)和脉冲式涌水型，以及泥砂溃涌型共6型。(2)关键隔水层厚度、煤层与洛河组砂岩间距、洛河组砂岩的富水性共同决定顶板涌水形式：当关键隔水层厚度较小甚至缺失，洛河组砂岩富水性弱且与煤层间距较小时，发生脉冲式涌水；当关键隔水层厚度较大且分布稳定，洛河组砂岩富水性中等至强且与煤层间距较小时发生持续涌水；当关键隔水层巨厚，洛河组砂岩富水性弱且与煤层间距巨大时发生离层涌水；当煤层顶板导水裂隙带范围内的侏罗系地层发育胶结不良地质体或煤层出现冒顶现象，容易形成水砂溃涌灾害。(3)地下水位监测预警技术、地面钻孔疏放离层积水技术、井下泄水巷集中排水技术、排水系统建设与维护技术、减水开采技术等是黄陇煤田水害防治的关键技术；工作面精细管理制度、工作面水情日分析制度、专家会诊及对标学习制度等是做好水害防治工作的配套管理对策。
Abstract:Huanglong Coalfield in Shaanxi is one of the main coal production bases in China. Coal mining is usually affected by the sandstone water of the thick Luohe Formation on the roof, resulting a significant difficulty in the prevention and control of water hazards. It is therefore of great importance to correctly analyze the characteristics of water inflow from the roof and successfully develop the key technologies for water hazard prevention and control, ensuring the safe production of coal mines. The types of roof water hazard and its main controlling factors were appropriately analyzed by collecting the information on water inflow at the working face of a typical coal mine. The variation of water inflow in the working face was identified. The formation mechanism of water hazard in the thick sandstone aquifer of the roof was then studied, and the key technologies were developed for the prevention and control of water hazard on the roof. The results show that: (1) Water filling in the roof aquifer of Huanglong Coalfield can be divided into 3 categories (the continuous water inflow, discontinuous water inflow and mud-sand burst) consisting of 6 types. Definitely, the continuous water inflow contains the controllable continuous type and the high-intensity continuous type. The discontinuous water inflow involves the separated layer water inflow (including the occasional and frequent types) and the pulsed water inflow. Besides, the mud-sand burst type is also included. (2) The form of water inflow in the roof is dependent on the thickness of the key aquiclude, the distance between the coal seam and the sandstone of Luohe Formation, and the water abundance of sandstone in Luohe Formation. Specifically, pulsed water inflow is likely to occur under the conditions of thin or little key aquiclude, weak water abundance of sandstone in Luohe Formation and small distance between sandstone and coal seam. Continuous water inflow will occur when the controlling conditions are thick key aquiclude that is distributed stably, medium to strong water abundance of sandstone in Luohe Formation and small distance between sandstone and coal seam. Separated layer water inflow will occur at a coalfield with very thick key aquiclude, weak water abundance of sandstone in Luohe Formation and very large distance between sandstone and coal seam. In addition, it is prone to form water-sand burst in case that poorly cemented geological bodies were developed in the Jurassic strata within the water-conducting fracture zone of the coal seam roof or roof fall appears in coal seams. (3) Successful water hazard prevention and control in Huanglong Coalfield needs the key techniques for monitoring and early warning of the groundwater level, separated layer water drainage by surface drilling, centralized water drainage through underground drainage tunnel, construction and maintenance of drainage systems, water-reducing mining, etc. In addition, the supporting management counter-measures for water hazard prevention and control include the fine management system of working face, daily analysis system of working face water situation, expert consultation, benchmarking learning system and so forth.
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图 3 高家堡矿井41103工作面涌水量变化规律
Fig. 3 Variation law of water inflow in working face 41103 of Gaojiabao Coal Mine
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图 4 郭家河煤矿1309工作面涌水量变化规律
Fig. 4 Variation law of water inflow in working face 1309 of Guojiahe Coal Mine
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图 5 青岗坪煤矿42105工作面涌水量历时曲线
Fig. 5 Variation law of water inflow in working face 42105 of Qinggangping Coal Mine
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图 6 崔木煤矿工作面离层涌水位置
Fig. 6 Locations of water inflow in working faces of Cuimu Coal Mine
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图 7 郭家河煤矿一盘区工作面离层涌水位置
Fig. 7 Locations of water inflow in working faces of the first panel of Guojiahe Coal Mine
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图 10 顶板离层涌水地质条件
Fig. 10 Geological conditions of water inrush from spaces between roof layers
表 1 高家堡井田三、四盘区洛河组垂向水文地质特征
Table 1 Vertical hydrogeological characteristics of Luohe Formation in the third and fourth panels of Gaojiabao mine field
含水层段 厚度/m
(最小~
最大值/平均值)岩性 水文地质参数 地下水位
/m富水性 备注 渗透系数/
(m·d−1)涌水量/
(L·s−1·m−1)上段 14.38~106.08
/51.09泥岩类、细粒砂岩以及中粒砂岩 0.071 5 0.021 0 827.037 弱 弱含水层段 中上段 106.05~143.88
/125.53中粒砂岩、细粒砂岩、粗粒砂岩以及泥岩类 0.671 2~0.789 9 0.018 5~0.516 4 727.991~820.447 弱至
中等最主要含水层段 中下段 97.97~151.22
/124.84中粒砂岩、细粒砂岩、粗粒砂岩以及泥岩类 0.126 4~0.239 1 0.020 6~0.184 7 705.751~817.207 弱至
中等主要含水层段 下段 57.60~91.19
/79.51泥岩类、细粒砂岩、中粒砂岩以及粗粒砂岩 0.005 8~0.010 2 0.001 0~0.005 8 696.611~802.515 弱 弱含水层段 
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