Practice and cognition of efficient CBM development under complex geological conditions: A case study of Zhengzhuang Block, Qinshui Basin
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摘要:
我国煤层气整体构造复杂且有诸多地质相似性，随着近年来逐步向中深部、超低渗、构造复杂区域迈进，总结探索一套复杂区域高效开发手段对盘活国内大批煤层气资源意义重大。以早期低产且地质相对复杂的郑庄区块的成功实践为例，针对区块高阶煤断裂构造复杂、非均质性强、渗透率低、早期工程技术匹配欠缺、早期达产率不足30%等不利因素和问题，通过深化煤层气地质富集规律研究和新技术研发与应用，形成了甜点区优选和高效开发理论，应用二开全通径水平井优快钻井、疏导式增产改造、定量化疏导排采控制等系列技术，大幅度提高单井产量，方案达产率由最初的29.3%提升至98.5%。实践研究认为：(1) 及时有效的开发方案调整能够实现复杂低渗的高阶煤煤层气高效开发，为技术持续升级提供了空间与平台。(2) 丛式井组滚动运行方式可有效降低产建风险，使整体方案达产率提高20%以上。(3) 水平井地质–工程一体化技术的持续创新，是实现达产率整体提升的关键。
Abstract:Abstract: The geological conditions of various CBM sites in China are complicated and features similarly. With the recent development of exploring CBM towards the medium-deep, ultra-low permeability and structurally complex areas, it is of great significance to develop a set of efficient exploring techniques in complex areas to revitalize a large number of domestic CBM resources. Taking an example of the successful development of Zhengzhuang Block with early low yield and relatively complex geology, it had faced a series of problems, including complex geological conditions with internal fracture, strong heterogeneity, low permeability, lack of corresponding developing technologies for the early stage development, production rate less than 30% in the early stage. The sweet area optimization and efficient development theory was developed through deepening the research on CBM geological enrichment law and the development and application of new technologies. With these proposed techniques on optimal rapid drilling, dredging capacity increasing revamp and quantitative dredging and drainage control in two-open full-diameter horizontal wells, the production of single well was greatly increased, and the project yield increased from 29.3% to 98.5%. The research results indicate: (1) Timely and appropriate adjustment on the development plan is essential for the successful development of complex and low-permeability high-rank coalbed methane, providing space and platform for the continuous improvement in CBM exploring techniques; (2) The rolling operation mode of cluster well group can significantly reduce production and construction risks, and increase the overall scheme productivity by more than 20%; (3) The continuous innovation of horizontal well geology and engineering integration technology is a key element to achieve the overall improvement of productivity.
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图 2 长水平井漂浮下套管与半程固井联作方法
Fig. 2 Combined operation method of floating casing and half-course cementing in a long horizontal well
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图 3 高阶煤煤层气可动用储量评价体系及流程
Fig. 3 Usable reserves evaluation system and process of high rank coal coalbed methane
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图 4 基于波形聚类分析的煤体结构预测模型
Fig. 4 Coal structure prediction model based on waveform cluster analysis
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图 6 全区实施批次与综合达产率关系
Fig. 6 Relationship between implementation batches and comprehensive production rate in the whole area
表 1 沁水盆地3号煤主要地质参数对比
Table 1 Comparison of main geological parameters of No.3 coal seam in Qinshui Basin
主要地质参数 郑庄 樊庄 潘庄 埋深/m 500~1200 400~800 250~600 煤厚/m 4~7 5~8 5~8 含气量/(m3·t−1) 21.5~28.5 15~32 10~40 临储比 0.24~0.33 0.45~0.83 0.94 渗透率/10−3 μm2 0.01~0.15 0.26~1.2 0.21~34.6 煤体结构 西南部原生结构为主、东部及北部碎裂结构为主 原生结构和原生–碎裂结构为主 原生结构为主 地应力梯度/(MPa·hm−1) 2.3 1.8 1.5 
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表 2 郑庄区块产建开发主要历程
Table 2 Practice history of production and construction development in the Zhengzhuang Block
开发/调整次数 主要区域及特点 关键工程技术 实施概况 达产率/% 第一次 分散布井：未认识到区块地质复杂性 常规直井压裂技术、裸眼多分支水平井 直斜井1 029口、裸眼多分支水平井50口 29.3 第二次 西部为主，中东部：渗透率>0.1×10−3 μm2，埋深浅，构造简单 低前置比−快速返排、集中射孔的直井压裂、L型筛管水平井 直斜井229口、筛管水平井15口、L型套管分段压裂水平井12口 85.3 第三次 区块3号煤全部可采区、西南15号煤甜点区：渗透率<0.1×10−3 μm2，埋深加大，构造相对复杂，需精细选区、选井 丛式水平井组、水平井分段压裂、疏导式排采 丛式L型套管分段压裂水平井165口，加密直斜井10口 98.5
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表 3 煤层气无杆举升工艺指标
Table 3 CBM rod-free lifting process indexes
举升工艺 主要技术指标 最大垂深/m 最大日排水量/m3 射流泵 设备允许固体粒径从1.5 mm提至1.8 mm 2 000 30 水力管式泵 排水量范围0.1~10 m3/d、0.1~30 m3/d两种井下泵 1 000 30 煤层气专用电潜螺杆泵 泵挂深度可满足井斜85°、排水量大于50 m3/d的需求 1 500 60 双循环液压无杆泵 井下泵作业起下时间从12 h降至4 h 1 000 30
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