Ecological and Geological Restoration and Its Effects of the Slopes and Mining Pits in the No. 4 Well of the Muli Mining Area, Qinghai Province
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摘要: 【目的】 青海木里矿区地处祁连山腹地，为黄河重要支流大通河源头，属高原高寒冻土地带，生态环境敏感、脆弱。本世纪初，矿区煤炭无序开采对生态环境造成了破坏，其中四号井开采后面临高陡不稳定渣山边坡、大量采坑积水、冻土挖毁破坏、渣石占地与草甸破坏4类生态环境修复难题。【方法】 从地质修复的角度，模拟原始地层结构和属性，对不同地质体进行生态地质层构建和再造修复。通过对南渣山滑坡后缘中部进行削顶减载，渣山表层构建坚硬的土壤基底层，采坑坑壁边坡清理、整治形成台阶或平台状，东侧坑底回填和冻土层修复，采坑积水整治形成高原湖泊，渣山采坑边坡人造土壤层和种草覆绿等多种生态地质修复措施，重新塑造四号井开采后的地形地貌形态。【结果和结论】 本次治理范围总面积达1 670.31万m2，累计完成回填渣土146.87万m3，种草覆绿面积296.8万m2。经历3年的生态恢复，木里矿区四号井的渣山山体整体稳定，用渣土成功构建出的人造土壤，自然生长的草种长势旺盛，地表水质良好，已实现地形地貌、生态环境与周边环境整体自然融合的高原新景观。研究方法和效果为高原高寒地区的生态屏障保护和其他地区生态修复提供了成功经验和借鉴。Abstract: [Objective] The Muli mining area, located in the Qilian Mountains of Qinghai Province, is the source of the Datong River, which is a crucial tributary of the Yellow River. This area lies within the high - altitude permafrost zone, featuring an ecologically sensitive and vulnerable environment. In the early 21st century, unregulated coal mining activities severely damaged the local ecosystem. After the closure of the No. 4 Mining Well, four major ecological restoration challenges surfaced: the steep and unstable slopes of the waste - rock hills, significant waterlogging in the mining pit, damage caused by permafrost excavation, and the occupation of land by waste rock and debris, which led to the destruction of grasslands. [Methods] From a geological restoration standpoint, efforts are made to mimic the original geological structure and characteristics. For diverse geological bodies, ecological geological layers are constructed and reconstructed. In engineering - based ecological governance, a variety of ecological geological restoration techniques have been implemented. For instance, the middle part of the rear edge of the south debris hills is subjected to roof cutting and load reduction. On the surface of debris hills, a hard-soil base layer is built. The excavation pit wall is transformed into a stepped or platform - shaped slope. In the eastern part of the pit bottom, backfilling is executed, accompanied by the restoration of the frozen soil layer. The accumulated water in mining pits is managed to form plateau lakes. On the slopes of debris hills and mining pit, an artificial soil layer is laid, followed by grass-covering on the surface. The ecological restoration work of the mine has effectively re-shaped the post-mining topography and geomorphology of the No. 4 Mining Well area. The total area of this governance project amounts to 16,703,100 square meters. A cumulative volume of 1.4687 million cubic meters of backfill soil has been completed, and the grass-covered area totals 2.968 million square meters. [Results and conclusions] After three years of dedicated ecological restoration initiatives, the slag mountain within No. 4 Mining Well has attained comprehensive stability. The artificial soil, ingeniously engineered using slag materials, has provided a propitious environment for the robust growth of native grass species. Moreover, the surface water quality has been maintained at a good level. A new plateau landscape has been formed, which has realized the overall natural integration of the topography, the ecological environment, and the surrounding environment. This accomplishment offers invaluable successful experiences and serves as a practical reference for the conservation of ecological barriers in high-altitude frigid zones and the implementation of ecological restoration projects in other regions.
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