Deformation characteristics of coal measures and gas occurrence law of coal mines in North China
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摘要: 瓦斯既是煤矿灾害的致灾因素之一，又是重要的清洁能源，厘清煤系变形瓦斯赋存规律是煤矿瓦斯灾害预防和煤层气高效开发的基础。以华北煤系为研究对象，以构造演化及控制为主线，运用板块构造、构造演化和瓦斯赋存构造逐级控制等理论，系统研究华北煤系变形特征与煤矿瓦斯赋存规律。结果表明，华北板块处于三大构造域相互作用交接的中心，控制着华北板块的形成与演化，华北板块与周缘板块之间的相互作用制约煤系的形成、赋存和变形，控制构造煤的形成与分布，同时控制着煤矿瓦斯的生成、运移和保存；华北煤系变形强度具有由板缘向板内、由挤压型造山带向远离造山带减弱的趋势；构造煤的形成与分布和构造演化过程中煤系变形有较好的一致性，构造煤的发育程度也具有由板缘向板内以及由靠近挤压型造山带向远离造山带减弱的趋势，伸展构造带构造煤不发育，但伸展背景下形成的大型滑脱构造容易形成成层发育的构造煤；华北煤矿瓦斯分布具有明显的区带特征，可划分为7个高突瓦斯区和6个低瓦斯区，进一步划分为15个高(突)瓦斯带和13个低瓦斯带。研究成果对国家有的放矢的瓦斯治理和煤层气开发具有重要的指导意义。Abstract: Gas is not only one of the important disaster-causing factors in coal mines, but also an important clean energy. Understanding the deformation characteristics of coal measures and the occurrence of gas is the basis for coal mine gas disaster prevention and coalbed methane development. Taking the North China coal measures as the research object, taking the tectonic evolution and control as the main line, using the theory of plate tectonics, tectonic evolution and step by step control of gas-occurring structures, the deformation characteristics of the North China coal-measures and the law of coal mine gas occurrence were systematically studied. The research results show that the North China Plate is at the center of the interaction and junction of the three major tectonic domains and controls the formation and evolution of the coal measures. The interaction between the North China Plate and the peripheral plates restricted the formation, occurrence and deformation of the coal-measure strata, controlled the formation and distribution of tectonic coal, thereby controlling the generation, migration and preservation of coal mine gas; The deformation strength of the North China coal measures has a tendency to weaken from the edge of the plate to the interior of the plate, from the compression orogenic belt to the far orogenic belt; The formation and distribution of coal measures are in good agreement with the deformation of coal measures in the process of tectonic evolution. The development degree of tectonic coal also has a tendency to weaken from the edge of the plate to the interior of the plate and from the nearby compression orogenic belt to the far the orogenic belt. The tectonic coal is not developed in the extending tectonic zones, but the large detachment structures formed under the extensional background is easy to form layered tectonic coal; The gas distribution in North China coal mines has obvious regional characteristics, which can be divided into 7 high gas outburst areas and 6 low gas areas, further divided into 15 high (abrupt) gas belts and 13 low gas belts. The research results have important guiding significance for targeted gas control and coalbed methane development.
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煤层属于典型的裂缝型介质，其裂缝发育特征对煤层气(瓦斯)的运移渗透和解析开采等影响显著[1]。所以，针对煤层裂缝的探测和评价具有重要的应用价值。但通常情况下，煤层中裂缝的横向变化规律复杂、差异大，远井区难以采用测井信息进行控制和直接评估，为此，有必要依托三维地震勘探资料并联合测井信息开展横向范围内的煤层裂缝评价工作[2-3]。
在地质构造运动过程中，上覆地层压力作用使得煤层中近水平向的裂缝呈关闭状态；而水平方向的构造应力作用使得煤层中近垂向的裂缝呈张开状态，可简化为HTI (Horizontal Transversely Isotropic)型介质。地震波在HTI型介质界面和内部传播时，表现出显著的方位各向异性特征，这也为地震勘探和评价煤层裂缝特征提供了理论依据[4-5]。基于方位各向异性理论，董守华[2-3]计算了HTI型煤层顶底板反射系数随方位角变化的响应特征；陈同俊等[6-7]通过方位AVO(Amplitude Variation with Offset)模拟，分析了HTI型构造煤的可探测性；张亚兵等[8]利用阻尼最小二乘算法计算了AVOA (Amplitude Variation with Offset and Azimuth)属性，预测煤层的裂缝分布；彭苏萍等[9]通过正演模拟分析了裂缝密度、裂缝开度和裂缝填充物对HTI煤层AVO响应特征的影响；卢勇旭等[10]推导了HTI薄煤层平面波的反射系数计算公式，计算分析了各向异性薄煤层的AVAZ响应特征；李勤等[11-14]通过正演模拟分析了HTI型煤层裂隙密度、裂隙充填物以及煤层厚度等参数变化时的地震波响应特征。上述研究多专注于不同裂缝状态下的煤层地震AVO/AVOA响应分析，而随着岩石物理的发展，从地震岩石物理角度对裂缝进行精细刻画和多角度描述成为了新的发展趋势。
为此，笔者从地震岩石物理建模出发，利用等效介质理论对HTI型煤层中的裂缝进行表征，建立煤层裂缝参数与各向异性系数的关系，进而计算得到裂缝参数的纵、横波速度，各向异性系数，煤层顶界面各向异性梯度项和P-P波反射系数的响应，并制作合成地震记录，分析HTI型煤层的方位各向异性特征，以期为煤田地震勘探数据精细处理、成像和反演等提供基础理论依据。
1 HTI型煤层裂缝参数的地震正演模拟方法
1.1 岩石物理表征
通过地震岩石物理建模可直接建立裂缝参数与地震响应间的量化关系。先基于等效介质理论模型对HTI型煤层裂缝进行表征，其刚度矩阵表示为：
$$ {\boldsymbol{C}} = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{c_{11}}}&{{c_{13}}}&{{c_{13}}}&0&0&0 \\ {{c_{13}}}&{{c_{33}}}&{{c_{23}}}&0&0&0 \\ {{c_{13}}}&{{c_{23}}}&{{c_{33}}}&0&0&0 \\ 0&0&0&{{c_{44}}}&0&0 \\ 0&0&0&0&{{c_{66}}}&0 \\ 0&0&0&0&0&{{c_{66}}} \end{array}} \right] $$ (1) 式中：c11、c33、c44、c66、c13、c23均为刚度矩阵参数。
依据HTI介质的特点，将HTI型煤层裂缝建模分为两部分：一部分是煤基质干骨架，另一部分是含饱和流体的垂向裂缝，如图1所示。
对HTI型煤层裂缝进行表征时，先由煤基质骨架中加入垂向干裂缝计算等效弹性模量，再充入流体计算含饱和流体裂缝煤层的等效弹性模量。计算煤层的裂缝密度时，采用裂缝密度
$ e $ 表示：$$ e = \frac{{3{\phi _{\text{f}}}}}{{4{\text{π }}{\alpha _{\text{f}}}}} $$ (2) 式中：
$\phi {}_{\text{f}}$ 为裂缝孔隙率；$ {\alpha _{\text{f}}} $ 为裂缝纵横比。式(2)表明，裂缝孔隙率和纵横比参数共同决定了地层的裂缝密度特征。
基于Mori-Tanaka模型计算含垂向干裂缝煤层的等效弹性常量
$ c_{ij}^{{\text{dry}}} $ [15-16]，表示为：$$ \left\{ \begin{split} & {c_{11}^{{\text{dry}}} = \left( {{K_1} + \frac{4}{3}{\mu _1}} \right)\left( {1 - \frac{1}{\varOmega }} \right)} \\ & {c_{33}^{{\text{dry}}} = \left( {{K_1} + \dfrac{4}{3}{\mu _1}} \right) - \dfrac{{{{\left( {{K_1} - \dfrac{2}{3}{\mu _1}} \right)}^2}}}{{\left( {{K_1} + \dfrac{4}{3}{\mu _1}} \right)\varOmega }}} \\ & {c_{44}^{{\text{dry}}} = {\mu _1}} \\ & {c_{66}^{{\text{dry}}} = {\mu _1}\frac{Y}{{1 + Y}}} \\ & {c_{13}^{{\text{dry}}} = \left( {{K_1} - \frac{2}{3}{\mu _1}} \right)\left( {1 - \frac{1}{\varOmega }} \right)} \\ &c_{23}^{{\rm{dry}}} = \left( {{K_1} - \dfrac{2}{3}{\mu _1}} \right) - \frac{{{K_1} - \dfrac{2}{3}{\mu _1}}}{{\left( {{K_1} + \dfrac{4}{3}{\mu _1}} \right)\varOmega }} \end{split} \right. $$ (3) 其中，
$\varOmega$ 和$ Y $ 的表达式为：$$ \left\{ \begin{split} & {\varOmega \approx 1 + \frac{{3\left( {1 - 2{\upsilon _1}} \right)}}{{16e{{(1 - {\upsilon _1})}^2}}}} \\ & {Y = \frac{{9\left( {3{K_1} + 2{\mu _1}} \right)}}{{16e\left( {3{K_1} + 4{\mu _1}} \right)}}} \end{split} \right. $$ (4) 式中：
$ {K_1} $ 和$ {\mu _1} $ 分别为煤基质干骨架的体积模量和剪切模量，GPa；$ {\upsilon _1} $ 为煤基质干骨架的泊松比；上标dry为干裂缝。煤层裂缝中通常含有饱和流体(通常为煤层水和游离气)，先采用Wood平均计算流体等效体积模量，再采用各向异性介质流体替换公式计算含饱和流体裂缝煤层的等效弹性常量[17]，表示为：
$$ s_{ijkl}^{{\text{sat}}} = s_{ijkl}^{{\text{dry}}} - \frac{{\left( {s_{ijaa}^{{\text{dry}}} - s_{ijaa}^0} \right)\left( {s_{bbkl}^{{\text{dry}}} - s_{bbkl}^0} \right)}}{{\left( {s_{ccdd}^{{\text{dry}}} - s_{ccdd}^0} \right) + {\phi _{\text{f}}}\left( {{\beta _{{\text{fl}}}} - {\beta _0}} \right)}} $$ (5) 式中：
$ s_{ijkl}^{{\text{sat}}} $ 为含饱和流体裂缝煤的等效柔度张量；$ s_{ijkl}^{{\text{dry}}} $ 为煤基质干骨架等效柔度张量；$ s_{ijaa}^0 $ 为煤基质颗粒的柔度张量；β0和βf1分别为煤基质颗粒的和流体的可压缩性，即K0和Kf1的倒数。柔度张量sijkl与刚度张量cijkl是逆的关系。柔度(刚度)张量的下标ijkl为四阶张量表示方法，可依据表1简化为二阶的形式与式(1)对应。
表 1 柔度(刚度)张量下标的简化Table 1. Implication of subscripts of flexibility (stiffness) tensors四阶( $ ij $/ $ kl $) 二阶(I/J) 11 1 22 2 33 3 23,32 4 13,31 5 12,21 6 式(5)中下标ijkl存在2个相同的符号，如aa、bb、cc和dd，表示ij或kl分别等于11，22，33时的求和[18]，即：
$$ \left\{ \begin{split} & {s_{ijaa}^{{\text{dry}}} = s_{ij11}^{{\text{dry}}} + s_{ij22}^{{\text{dry}}} + s_{ij33}^{{\text{dry}}}} \\ & {s_{bbkl}^{{\text{dry}}} = s_{11kl}^{{\text{dry}}} + s_{22kl}^{{\text{dry}}} + s_{33kl}^{{\text{dry}}}} \\ & s_{ccdd}^{{\text{dry}}} = s_{1111}^{{\text{dry}}} + s_{1122}^{{\text{dry}}} + s_{1133}^{{\text{dry}}} + s_{2211}^{{\text{dry}}} + \\ &\qquad s_{2222}^{{\text{dry}}} + s_{2233}^{{\text{dry}}} + s_{3311}^{{\text{dry}}} + s_{3322}^{{\text{dry}}} + s_{3333}^{{\text{dry}}} \end{split} \right. $$ (6) 1.2 HTI型煤层裂缝参数的地震响应计算方法
进一步计算HTI型煤层的地震参数响应。基于含饱和流体裂缝煤层的等效弹性常量计算结果，计算HTI介质条件下垂向(
$\bot $ )和水平向(_)的地震波速度表示为：$$ \left\{ \begin{split} & {{v_{{\text{P\_}}}} = \sqrt {\frac{{{c_{11}}}}{\rho }} } \\ & {{v_{{\text{P}} \bot }} = \sqrt {\frac{{{c_{33}}}}{\rho }} } \\ & {{v_{{\text{S}} \bot }} = \sqrt {\frac{{{c_{44}}}}{\rho }} } \\ & {{v_{{\text{S\_}}}} = \sqrt {\frac{{{c_{66}}}}{\rho }} } \end{split} \right. $$ (7) 各向异性系数(ε(v)，γ(v)，δ(v))[19]表示为：
$$ \left\{ \begin{split} & {{\varepsilon ^{({\text{v}})}} = \frac{{{c_{11}} - {c_{33}}}}{{2{c_{33}}}}} \\ & {{\gamma ^{({\text{v}})}} = \frac{{{c_{66}} - {c_{44}}}}{{2{c_{44}}}}} \\ & {{\delta ^{({\text{v}})}} = \frac{{{{({c_{13}} + {c_{66}})}^2} - {{({c_{33}} - {c_{66}})}^2}}}{{2{c_{33}}({c_{33}} - {c_{66}})}}} \end{split} \right. $$ (8) 将式(8)计算的各向异性系数代入到HTI介质条件下的P-P波反射系数近似公式[19-20]，即可计算出P-P波反射系数(
$ {R_{{\text{PP}}}} $ )、各向异性梯度项($ {G_{{\text{ani}}}} $ )等地震参数，表示为：$$ \begin{split} & {R_{{\text{PP}}}}(\theta ,\psi ) = \frac{1}{2}\frac{{\Delta Z}}{{\bar Z}} + \frac{1}{2}\left\{ \frac{{\Delta {v_{\text{P}}}}}{{ {{\bar v_{\text{P}}}} }} - {{\left( {\frac{{2 {{\bar v_{\text{S}}}} }}{{ {{\bar v_{\text{P}}}} }}} \right)}^2}\frac{{\Delta G}}{{\bar G}} +\right.\\ &\qquad \left.\left[ {\Delta {\delta ^{({\text{v}})}} + 2{{\left( {\frac{{2 {{\bar v_{\text{S}}}} }}{{ {{\bar v_{\text{P}}}} }}} \right)}^2}\Delta {\gamma ^{({\text{v}})}}} \right]{{\cos }^2}\psi \right\}{\sin ^2}\theta {\text{ + }} \\ & \qquad \frac{1}{2}\left\{ {\frac{{\Delta {v_{\text{P}}}}}{{ {{\bar v_{\text{P}}}} }} + \Delta {\varepsilon ^{({\text{v}})}}{{\cos }^4}\psi + \Delta {\delta ^{({\text{v}})}}{{\sin }^2}\psi {{\cos }^2}\psi } \right\}{\sin ^2}\theta {\tan ^2}\theta \end{split} $$ (9) $$ {G_{{\text{ani}}}} = \frac{1}{2}\left[ {\Delta {\delta ^{({\text{v}})}} + 2{{\left( {\frac{{2 {{\bar v_{\text{S}}}} }}{{ {{\bar v_{\text{P}}}} }}} \right)}^2}\Delta {\gamma ^{({\text{v}})}}} \right] $$ (10) 式中：
$ \theta $ 和$ \psi $ 分别为入射角和方位角；$ {v_{\text{P}}} $ 和$ {v_{\text{S}}} $ 分别为纵波速度和横波速度；$ Z = \rho {v_{\text{P}}} $ 为垂向纵波波阻抗；$ G = \rho v_{\text{S}}^2 $ 为垂向剪切模量；$ \;\Delta {\varepsilon ^{({\text{v}})}} = \varepsilon _2^{({\text{v}})} - \varepsilon _1^{({\text{v}})} $ ；$\;\Delta {\gamma ^{({\text{v}})}} = \gamma _2^{({\text{v}})} - \gamma _1^{({\text{v}})}$ ；$ \Delta {\delta ^{({\text{v}})}} = \delta _2^{({\text{v}})} - \delta _1^{({\text{v}})} $ ；$\bar Z = \dfrac{{{Z_1} + {Z_2}}}{2}$ ；$\bar G = \dfrac{{{G_1} + {G_2}}}{2}$ ；${{\bar v_{\text{P}}}} = \dfrac{{{v_{{\text{P}}1}} + {v_{{\text{P}}2}}}}{2}$ ；${{\bar v_{\text{S}}}} = \dfrac{{{v_{{\text{S}}1}} + {v_{{\text{S}}2}}}}{2}$ ；$ {Z_1} $ 、$ {G_1} $ 、$ {v_{{\text{P1}}}} $ 、$ {v_{{\text{S1}}}} $ 、$ \varepsilon _1^{({\text{v}})} $ 、$ \gamma _1^{({\text{v}})} $ 、$ \delta _1^{({\text{v}})} $ 和$ {Z_2} $ 、$ {G_2} $ 、$ {v_{{\text{P2}}}} $ 、$ {v_{{\text{S2}}}} $ 、$ \varepsilon _2^{({\text{v}})} $ 、$ \gamma _2^{({\text{v}})} $ 、$ \delta _2^{({\text{v}})} $ 分别为反射界面上层和下层的参数。进一步将式(9)计算的煤层顶、底界面的P-P波反射系数与Ricker子波卷积，得到HTI型煤层的合成地震记录响应，表示为：
$$ {\boldsymbol{d}}(\theta ,\psi ) = {\boldsymbol{W}}{R_{{\text{PP}}}}(\theta ,\psi ) + {\boldsymbol{n}} $$ (11) 式中：W为子波矩阵；n为噪声。
2 HTI型煤层裂缝参数的地震响应模拟与特征分析
2.1 等效纵、横波速度响应
正演模拟得到的垂向和水平向煤层纵、横波速度与裂缝参数的关系如图2所示。相同裂缝参数状态下，水平向的纵、横波传播受到裂缝的影响，显著低于垂向的纵横波速度。裂缝孔隙度增大或纵横比减小，垂向的纵波速度微弱减小，横波速度不变，而水平向的纵、横波速度显著减小；且水平向纵波速度对裂缝孔隙度变化敏感，受裂缝纵横比影响不大，而水平向横波速度对裂缝孔隙度和纵横比变化均敏感。
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图 2 HTI型煤层垂向和水平向纵、横波速度与裂缝参数的关系Figure 2. Vertical and the horizontal P- and S- wave velocities vs. fracture parameters of HTI coal seams计算得到垂向和水平向纵、横波速度与裂缝密度的关系如图3所示。随着裂缝密度的增加，垂向纵波速度微弱减小，横波速度不变；水平向纵横波速度均显著减小，且横波速度减小更为明显。
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图 3 煤层垂向和水平向纵、横波速度与裂缝密度的关系Figure 3. Vertical and horizontal P- and S- wave velocities vs. fracture density of coal seams2.2 各向异性系数响应
进一步基于含饱和裂缝流体煤层的等效弹性常量
$ c_{ij}^{{\text{sat}}} $ 计算HTI介质条件下的煤层各向异性系数(ε(v)、γ(v)、δ(v))，图4和图5所示为各向异性系数与裂缝孔隙度、纵横比和裂缝密度的关系。其中，各向异性系数ε(v)用于衡量纵波速度的各向异性，与水平向纵波速度的变化特征相一致(图2)；各向异性系数γ(v)用于衡量横波速度的各向异性，与水平向横波速度的变化特征相一致(图2)。各向异性系数δ(v)受裂缝孔隙度和纵横比的影响均显著。![]()
图 4 各向异性系数(ε(v)、γ(v)、δ(v))与裂缝参数的关系Figure 4. Anisotropic coefficients ε(v), γ(v) and δ(v) vs. fracture parameters![]()
图 5 各向异性系数(ε(v)、γ(v)、δ(v))与裂缝密度的关系Figure 5. Anisotropic coefficients ε(v), γ(v) and δ(v) vs. fracture density由图5可知，随着裂缝密度的增大，各向异性系数ε(v)、γ(v)、δ(v)绝对值均不同程度的增大，各向异性系数ε(v)增大幅度明显小于各向异性系数γ(v)和δ(v)，表明裂缝密度增大主要引起横波各向异性的显著增强。
3 HTI型煤层模型地震响应正演模拟
3.1 各向异性梯度项和P-P波反射系数响应
设置如图6所示的三层水平层状HTI型煤层模型；顶板和底板均为各向同性的泥岩，纵波速度为3.0 km/s，横波速度为2.0 km/s，密度为2.3 g/cm3；煤层设置为HTI型含饱和流体裂缝煤层，厚度为5 m。
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图 6 三层水平层状HTI型煤层模型Figure 6. HTI coal seam model consisting of three horizontal layers计算得到煤层顶界面各向异性梯度项与裂缝孔隙度、纵横比和裂缝密度的关系如图7所示。由图7可知，随着裂缝孔隙度增大或纵横比减小，各向异性梯度项绝对值增大；随着裂缝密度的增大，各向异性梯度项绝对值增大。
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图 7 煤层顶界面各向异性梯度项与裂缝孔隙度、纵横比和裂缝密度的关系Figure 7. Anisotropic gradient of coal seams’ top interface vs. the porosity, aspect ratio and density of fractures依据式(9)计算煤层顶界面P-P波反射系数的响应情况，如图8所示。垂直入射时，即入射角为0，则P-P波反射系数不具有方位各向异性。由图8可知，入射角或裂缝密度增大，P-P波反射系数方位特性增强；方位角为0时，裂缝密度变化引起的P-P波反射系数变化显著，而方位角为90°时，P-P波反射系数不受裂缝密度的影响。
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图 8 煤层顶界面P-P波反射系数与裂缝密度和方位角的关系Figure 8. P-P reflection coefficient of coal seams’ top interface vs. fracture density and azimuth3.2 合成地震记录响应
依据式(11)，利用煤层顶界面和底界面的P-P波反射系数与40 Hz的Ricker子波进行卷积，得到不同入射角、裂缝密度条件下的方位角度道集，如图9所示。由图9可知，入射角不为0时，裂缝密度变化引起的合成地震记录的方位各向异性特征显著，具体表现为裂缝密度增大，合成地震记录的方位各向异性增强。
统计图9所示方位角度道集的反射复合波最大正振幅值(Amax)，如图10所示。由图10可知，入射角θ=0时，合成地震记录的最大正振幅不显示方位各向异性；入射角θ>0时，入射角或裂缝密度的增大，引起的P-P波反射系数和煤层反射复合波最大正振幅方位各向异性增强；且方位角ψ=0时，裂缝密度变化引起的反射复合波最大正振幅变化显著；方位角ψ=90°时，反射复合波最大正振幅不受裂缝密度影响。
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图 10 HTI型煤层合成地震记录的最大正振幅响应Figure 10. Maximum positive amplitude of synthetic seismic records of HTI coal seams4 讨 论
煤层的裂缝密度由裂缝孔隙度和纵横比2个参数控制，而在实际生产中，裂缝纵横比参数难以获取，且传统地震AVOA反演的裂缝密度为相对值。所以，准确获取煤层的裂缝孔隙度以评价煤层裂缝特性，是较为实际的选择。由图2和图4可知，纵波速度和各向异性系数ε(v)受裂缝孔隙度的影响显著，而受裂缝纵横比的影响微弱；这无疑为通过煤样超声波测试、声波测井反演或解释、井约束的纵波地震反演等方法计算获取煤层的裂缝孔隙度提供了有效途径。
在煤田地震勘探中不可回避一个问题是煤层的薄层特性，其直接导致煤层的反射波多为复合波[10, 21-22]。图8中煤层顶界面P-P波反射系数值和图10中5 m厚煤层反射复合波的最大正振幅值都显现出方位各向异性特征(θ>0)，但这种方位各向异性的强弱和规律会随着煤厚的变化而变化。因此，在煤厚变化大的勘探区内，地震AVOA反演的适用性以及反演结果的精度是难以保证的。
5 结 论
a. 基于等效介质理论建模对煤层垂向裂缝进行表征，并通过三层HTI型煤层模型正演模拟得到煤层裂缝参数的地震AVOA响应。模拟结果表明裂缝密度变化引起水平向纵、横波速度和各向异性系数，以及煤层顶界面各向异性梯度项变化显著；水平向纵波速度、各向异性系数ε(v)受裂缝孔隙度影响显著，受裂缝纵横比影响微弱，而水平向横波速度、各向异性系数γ(v)、δ(v)以及煤层顶界面各向异性梯度项对裂缝孔隙度和纵横比变化均敏感。
b. 入射角等于0时，P-P波反射系数和煤层反射复合波最大正振幅不具有方位各向异性特征。入射角大于0时，入射角或裂缝密度的增大，引起的P-P波反射系数和煤层反射复合波最大正振幅方位特性增强；方位角为0时，即垂直于裂缝走向入射，裂缝密度变化引起的P-P波反射系数和煤层反射复合波最大正振幅变化显著，而方位角为90°时，即平行于裂缝走向入射，P-P波反射系数和煤层反射复合波最大正振幅不受裂缝密度的影响。
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图 2 华北赋煤区煤系变形分区
①北缘断裂带；②华北赋煤区南缘断裂带；③郯庐断裂带；④遵化–包头基底隆起带；⑤鄂尔多斯西缘逆冲断裂带；⑥华北含煤盆地南缘逆冲断裂带；⑦昌平–宁河断裂带；⑧丰沛断裂带；⑨离石断裂带；⑩紫荆关断裂带
Fig. 2 Deformation zones of coal measures in North China coal-bearing areas
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图 4 华北赋煤区煤矿瓦斯地质简图
Fig. 4 Sketch map of coal mine gas geology in North China coal-bearing areas
表 1 华北赋煤区煤系变形分区分带与构造煤特征
Table 1 Deformation of coal measures and development characteristics of tectonic coal in coal-bearing areas of North China
变形区 煤系下移变形带 构造变形性质 构造煤发育特征 华北板块北缘强挤压变形区 北部强挤压变形带 强挤压变形，强度由北向南递减 主要为Ⅲ–Ⅳ类构造煤 北部弱挤压变形带 东段京(东)津唐煤田煤系变形强度中等，中段变形强度在中环带最为显著，西段蔚县变形强度中等 京西煤田主要为Ⅲ–Ⅳ类构造煤，京津唐煤田局部发育Ⅲ–Ⅳ类构造煤，冀北蔚县煤田构造煤不发育 鄂尔多斯盆地西缘强挤压变形区 鄂尔多斯盆地西缘强挤压变形带 强挤压变形，强度由盆缘向盆地内部递减 主要为Ⅲ–Ⅳ类构造煤 华北板块南缘强挤压变形区 陕豫皖逆冲推覆构造变形带 强挤压变形，强度由南向北递减 主要为Ⅲ–Ⅳ类构造煤 豫西–徐淮构造变形带 强变形，豫西重力滑动下的强挤压剪切变形，徐淮逆冲推覆下的挤压变形 豫西普遍发育Ⅳ–Ⅴ类构造煤，徐淮主要为Ⅲ–Ⅳ类构造煤，豫东构造煤不发育 鄂尔多斯盆地弱变形区 鄂尔多斯盆地弱挤压变形带 弱挤压变形 以原生结构煤为主，构造煤不发育 山西地块过渡变形区 山西地块过渡变形带 弱挤压与伸展变形 以原生结构煤为主，在盆缘及构造局部发育Ⅱ–Ⅲ类构造煤 渤海湾盆地伸展变形区 渤海湾盆地强烈伸展变形带 强烈伸展变形 以原生结构煤为主 鲁西强烈伸展变形带 强烈伸展变形 以原生结构煤为主，局部受重力滑动影响发育小规模构造煤 太行山东麓挤压变带 挤压变形，变形由造山带内侧向外侧减弱 主要为Ⅲ–Ⅳ类构造煤，局部发育Ⅳ–Ⅴ类构造煤 注：Ⅰ类—原生结构煤(非破坏煤)；Ⅱ类—碎裂结构煤(破坏煤)；Ⅲ类—碎粒结构煤(强烈破坏煤)；Ⅳ类—粉粒结构煤(粉碎煤)；Ⅴ类—糜棱结构煤(全粉煤)。 
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