Fracture activation in the overburden and aquiclude stability under the mining of close-distance coal seams
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摘要:背景
陕北侏罗纪煤田近距离煤层重复采动覆岩裂隙活化发育加剧，易导致隔水层失稳，引起地下水流失。
方法为揭示近距离煤层开采覆岩裂隙发育特征及隔水层稳定性，采用实测统计、物理相似模拟及理论分析相结合的方法，提出基于陕北侏罗纪煤田近距离煤层保水开采的主要煤岩组合类型划分，分析重复采动裂隙活化发育规律，建立重复采动隔水层稳定性判据。
结果和结论研究表明，依据该煤田上部近距离两层可采煤层煤−水赋存条件及地质特征，可分为薄及中厚−厚型(Ⅰ型)、厚−薄及中厚型(Ⅱ型)、厚−厚型(Ⅲ型)、薄及中厚−薄及中厚型(Ⅳ型)4种类型。得出基于上述4类条件采动覆岩上行与下行裂隙发育的隔水层破坏特征，重复采动裂采比(上行裂隙发育高度/复合采高)一般为14~30，相比上部单一煤层开采显著减小，下行裂隙发育深度为复合采高的1.6~3.0倍。建立基于重复采动裂隙发育高度(深度)的隔水层稳定性判据，当隔水层厚度大于等于重复采动裂隙发育高度、深度、安全厚度之和时，隔水层稳定，反之失稳；给出陕北侏罗纪煤田重复采动隔水层稳定性评价，包括稳定−稳定、稳定−失稳、失稳−失稳3种情况。研究成果可为陕北侏罗纪煤田近距离煤层保水开采的隔水层稳定性判据确定与控制提供理论基础。
Abstract:BackgroundIn the Jurassic coalfield of northern Shaanxi Province, the repeated mining of close-distance coal seams exacerbates the activation of fractures in the overburden. This is prone to cause aquiclude instability, leading to groundwater loss.
MethodsThis study aims to reveal the characteristics of fractures in the overburden and the aquiclude stability in the mining of close-distance coal seams. Using a method combining measurement statistics, physical simulations using similar materials, and theoretical analysis, this study proposed categorizing primary coal-rock combinations based on the water-preserved mining of close-distance coal seams in the Jurassic coalfield of northern Shaanxi. Additionally, this study analyzed the patterns of fracture activation induced by repeat mining and established the stability criterion for aquicludes under repeated mining.
Results and ConclusionsThe results indicate that, based on the coal-water occurrence conditions and geological characteristics of two minable, close-distance coal seams in the upper part of the coalfield, the coal-rock combinations can be categorized into four types: thin and medium thick-thick (Type Ⅰ), thick-thin and medium thick (Type Ⅱ), thick-thick (Type Ⅲ), and thin and medium thick-thin and medium thick (Type Ⅳ) types. The characteristics of aquiclude failure caused by the development of upward and downward fractures in the overburden under the mining of the four coal-rock combinations were determined. Specifically, the upward fracture/composite mining height ratios under repeated mining generally vary from 14 to 30, significantly less than those under the mining of the single upper coal seam. Furthermore, the depths of downward fractures are 1.6 to 3.0 times the composite mining heights. The stability criterion for aquicludes was determined based on the repeat mining-induced fracture height (depth). Specifically, an aquiclude remains stable when its thickness is greater than or equal to the sum of repeat mining-induced fracture height (depth) and fracture-free thickness. Otherwise, they were unstable. The stability assessment of aquicludes in the Jurassic coalfield under repeated mining reveals that the aquicludes are in three conditions: stable-stable, stable-unstable, and unstable-unstable. These findings provide a theoretical basis for determining and controlling aquiclude stability in water-preserved mining of close-instance coal seams in the Jurassic coalfield of northern Shaanxi.
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图 1 煤层厚度与埋深及萨拉乌苏组含水层特征
Fig. 1 Thicknesses and burial depths of coal seams and characteristics of aquifers in the Salawusu Formation
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图 2 含水区域上部两层近距离可采煤层厚度分布
Fig. 2 Thickness distributions of two minable, close-distance coal seams above water-bearing zones
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图 3 研究区主要地质组合类型划分
Fig. 3 Classification of primary geological combinations in the study area
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图 4 Ⅰ型上煤层开采裂隙发育高度与裂采比变化规律
Fig. 4 Change law of fracture height in the overburden and fractured zone/mining height ratio under the mining of the upper coal seam in Type Ⅰ
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图 5 Ⅰ型重复采动裂隙发育高度与裂采比变化规律
Fig. 5 Change law of fracture height in the overburden and fractured zone/mining height ratio under the repeated mining in Type Ⅰ
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图 6 Ⅱ型上煤层开采裂隙发育高度与裂采比变化规律
Fig. 6 Change law of fracture height in the overburden and fractured zone/mining height ratio under the mining of the upper coal seam in Type Ⅱ
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图 7 Ⅲ型上煤层开采裂隙发育高度与裂采比变化规律
Fig. 7 Change law of fracture height in the overburden and fractured zone/mining height ratio under the mining of the upper coal seam in Type Ⅲ
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图 8 Ⅲ型重复采动裂隙发育高度与裂采比变化规律
Fig. 8 Change law of fracture height in the overburden and fractured zone/mining height ratio under the repeated mining in Type Ⅲ
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图 9 Ⅳ型上煤层开采裂隙发育高度与裂采比变化规律
Fig. 9 Change law of fracture height in the overburden and fractured zone/mining height ratio under the mining of the upper coal seam in Type Ⅳ
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图 10 Ⅳ型重复采动裂隙发育高度与裂采比变化规律
Fig. 10 Change law of fracture height in the overburden and fractured zone/mining height ratio under the repeated mining in Type Ⅳ
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图 11 红柳林煤矿4−2与5−2煤开采裂隙发育与隔水层破坏特征
Fig. 11 Characteristics of fractures in the overburden and aquiclude failure under the mining of coal seams 4−2 and 5−2 in Hongliulin Coal Mine
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图 12 哈拉沟煤矿2−2与3−1煤开采裂隙发育与隔水层破坏特征
Fig. 12 Characteristics of fractures in the overburden and aquiclude failure under the mining of coal seams of 2−2 and 3−1 in Halagou Coal Mine
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图 13 大柳塔煤矿1−2上与1−2煤开采裂隙发育与隔水层破坏特征
Fig. 13 Characteristics of fractures in the overburden and aquiclude failure under the mining of coal seams No.1−2 upper and No.1−2 in Daliuta Coal Mine
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图 14 哈拉沟煤矿1−2上与1−2煤开采裂隙发育与隔水层破坏特征
Fig. 14 Characteristics of fractures in the overburden and aquiclude failure under the mining of coal seams 1−2 upper and 1−2 in Halagou Coal Mine
表 1 1−2、2−2和3−1煤煤层特征
Table 1 Characteristics of coal seams 1−2, 2−2, and 3−1
煤层编号 煤厚/m 煤层间距/m 煤层结构与稳定性 1−2煤 l~3(大部分)；3~5(少数) 13.11~40.00/25.00 (在1−2煤与2−2煤之间) 厚度变化缓慢，结构简单，稳定煤层 2−2煤 0.26~12.16/6.50 一般无夹矸，稳定的中至巨厚煤层 3−1煤 0.18~4.01/2.48 20.52~41.08/30.00 厚度变化小，结构简单，稳定的中厚煤层 注：0.26~12.16/6.50表示最小~最大值/平均值，其他同。 
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表 2 研究区主要地质组合分类
Table 2 Classification of main geological combinations in the study area
地质组合类型 煤层
厚度/m煤层
间距/m埋深/m 顶煤覆岩组成及厚度/m 主要井田与赋水条件 区域
占比/%土层 基岩 风化层 薄及中厚–厚型
(Ⅰ型)1−2：0.8~3.0
2−2：3.0~5.010~40 40~520
40~48020~80 20~420 20~60 贫水区：大柳塔、石圪台、柠条塔
富水区：大保当、尔林兔、小壕兔24.82 1−2：0.8~3.0
2−2：>5.010~40 40~520
80~50020~120 40~360 20~60 贫水区：柠条塔、哈拉沟、红柳林(4−2、5−2煤)
富水区：孟家湾西
较富水区：小保当22.26 1−2：0.8~3.0
3−1：3.0~5.020~40 80~280
80~24020~80 20~160 20~60 贫水区：凉水井
富水区：尔林兔、锦界、大保当
较富水区：红柳林12.37 厚–薄及中厚型
(Ⅱ型)2−2：>5.0
3−1：0.8~3.020~40 80~460
140~52020~140 80~260 20~60 贫水区：哈拉沟、大柳塔
富水区：大保当、金鸡滩、西湾、小壕兔
较富水区：曹家滩、榆树湾、杭来湾12.61 厚–厚型(Ⅲ型) 1−2：3.0~5.0
2−2：3.0~5.010~40 40~400
40~32020~60 20~420 10~40 贫水区：石圪台、哈拉沟、袁家梁、
郭家湾、活鸡兔、大柳塔(1−2上、1−2煤)
较富水区：尔林兔、中鸡10.90 薄及中厚–薄及
中厚型(Ⅳ型)1−2：0.8~3.0
2−2：0.8~3.010~40 40~460
60~46020~80 80~400 20~60 贫水区：大海则、郭家湾、哈拉沟(1−2上、1−2煤)
富水区：尔林兔、小壕兔、孟家湾、大保当
较富水区：小保当、柠条塔17.04
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表 3 Ⅰ型开采的上行裂隙发育高度统计
Table 3 Statistics of upward fracture heights under the mining of the Type Ⅰ
矿井 煤层 上煤层 下煤层 来源 采高/m 基岩厚度/m 导水裂隙带高度/m 垮落带高度/m 采高/m 煤层间距/m 导水裂隙带高度/m 垮落带高度/m 红柳林煤矿 4−2煤 2.87 57.4 98.2 15.5 实测 隆德煤矿 1−2煤与2−2煤 1.80 110.0 35.0 15.1 4.00 50.0 100.0 32.0 实测 榆树泉煤矿 下8与下10煤 1.69 46.0 3.41 8.6 85.0 实测 布尔台煤矿 2−2煤与4−2煤 3.00 埋深335.0 79.4 21.0 6.60 71.2 158.5 34.7 实测 柠条塔煤矿 1−2煤与2−2煤 1.89 81.7 63.0 12.0 4.60 33.3 158.6 23.6 实验 榆北某矿 1−2煤与2−2煤 2.00 253.6 56.0 7.0 6.00 39.9 196.0 16.0 实验 石圪台煤矿 1−2煤与2−2煤 2.30 40.8 40.8 17.4 3.50 40.7 83.8 15.6 实验 阳煤一矿 12煤与15煤 1.90 埋深438.0 60.0 12.0 4.70 24.4 174.0 25.5 实验 贵州某矿 16煤与18煤 2.60 78.5 53.0 11.0 3.30 22.5 83.0 13.0 实验
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表 4 Ⅱ型开采的上行裂隙发育高度统计
Table 4 Statistics of upward fracture heights under the mining of the Type Ⅱ
矿井 煤层 上煤层 煤层间距/m 来源 采高/m 基岩厚度/m 导水裂隙带高度/m 垮落带高度/m 金鸡滩矿 2−2煤 5.50 202.0 146 20.6 实测 曹家滩矿 2−2煤 6.00 214.0 139 实测 2−2煤 5.00 173.3 123 实测 榆树湾矿 2−2煤 5.50 170.0 138 25.4 实测 2−2煤 6.00 144.0 149 27.1 实测 2−2煤 5.00 151.1 139 实测 张家峁矿 2−2煤 5.60 117.0 166 37.0 实测 柠条塔矿 2−2煤 5.80 埋深171.0 154 35.3 实测 1−2煤 5.46 埋深186.1 149 14.2 实测 大柳塔矿 5−2煤 7.79 137 19.8 实测 补连塔矿 1−2煤 7.60 261.0 123 37.4 实测 1−2煤 7.40 207.0 106 35.1 实测 柳巷矿 2煤 7.90 118 54.7 实测 布尔台矿 4−2煤 6.60 159 实测 大柳塔矿 5−2煤 7.30 170.0 143 18.0 实验 小保当矿 2−2煤 5.86 254.1 176 40.1 33.20 实验 3−1煤 2.00 234 9.0 哈拉沟矿 2−2煤 6.00 埋深82.0 贯通地表 46.14 实验 3−1煤 1.80 贯通地表
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表 5 Ⅲ型开采的上行裂隙发育高度统计
Table 5 Statistics of upward fracture heights under the mining of the Type Ⅲ
矿井 煤层 上煤层 下煤层 来源 采高/m 基岩厚度/m 导水裂隙带高度/m 垮落带高度/m 采高/m 煤层间距/m 导水裂隙带高度/m 垮落带高度/m 榆阳矿 2−2煤 3.50 埋深208.0 96.3 17.20 实测 锦界矿 3−1煤 3.00 60.8 68.3 9.10 实测 杭来湾矿 4−2煤 4.50 150.0 116.0 22.20 实测 大柳塔矿 1−2煤 3.79 埋深54.6 54.6 8.10 实测 大柳塔矿 1−2煤 3.95 埋深89.2 89.2 13.50 实测 补连塔矿 1−2煤 4.40 242.0 154.0 17.10 实测 凉水井矿 4−2煤 3.12 37.2 64.2 30.20 实测 凉水井矿 4−2煤 3.45 28.9 45.6 10.85 实测 韩家湾矿 2−2煤 4.43 埋深160.0 110.0 实测 柠条塔矿 2−2煤 4.80 埋深151.0 131.0 33.50 实测 补连塔矿 2−2煤 4.80 174.0 154.0 实测 黄陵矿 2煤 3.20 550.0 68.0 18.00 实验 红柳林矿 2−2、3−1煤 3.44 30.1 94.7 15.00 3.05 28.5 126.0 16.5 实验 锦界矿 3−1、4−2煤 3.20 63.0 52.6 13.00 3.5 20.0 73.0 14.0 实验 大柳塔矿 2−2、2−3煤 4.20 46.5 43.9 18.60 4.2 6.0 69.3 23.5 实验 成家庄矿 4、5煤 4.00 450.0 45.5 17.40 3.0 26.0 68.5 26.0 实验 神东某矿 1−2、2−2煤 3.50 95.0 63.0 14.00 4.5 30.0 143.5 实验 张集矿 11−2、8煤 3.00 38.5 42.0 16.00 3.0 72.5 55.0 13.0 实验 淮南某矿 13−1、11−2煤 3.00 225.0 49.0 14.00 3.0 14.5 95.0 10.0 实验
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表 6 Ⅳ型开采的上行裂隙发育高度统计
Table 6 Statistics of upward fracture heights under the mining of the Type Ⅳ
矿井 煤层 上煤层 下煤层 来源 采高/m 基岩厚度/m 导水裂隙带高度/m 垮落带高度/m 采高/m 煤层间距/m 导水裂隙带高度/m 垮落带高度/m 韩家湾矿 3−1、4−2煤 2.70 50.0 110.0 17.6 1.9 37 150.2 13.8 实测 凉水井矿 4−2、4−3煤 3.00 40.4 117.0 1.0 19.80 139.5 实测 哈拉沟矿 1-2上、1−2煤 1.63 38.3 49.7 9.0 1.7 9.04 60.4 13.0 实验 松河煤矿 3、9煤 2.50 49.3 30.0 8.0 1.5 60.00 15.0 实验 石圪台矿 11、22煤 2.10 66.5 33.4 2.7 20.00 74.3 实验
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表 7 煤层开采后下行裂隙发育实测统计
Table 7 Statistics of measured downward fractures after coal seam mining
矿井 煤层/工作面 采高/m 隔水层构成 下行裂隙实测深度/m 下行裂隙深度/采高 五沟矿 10煤 3.5 基岩厚度约43 m，松散层和土层厚度230 m 5.50 1.6 祁东矿 7114工作面 3.0 主要岩性为黏土、粉砂岩及细砂岩，厚度78 m 5.76 1.9 7122工作面 2.4 主要岩性为黏土、粉砂岩及细砂岩，厚度118.4 m 5.64 2.4 张家峁矿 5−2煤 5.5 基岩厚度平均117 m，黄土层60 m 18.00 3.2
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表 8 研究区主要矿井上部两层可采煤层采动隔水层稳定性
Table 8 Stability assessment of aquicludes under the mining of two minable coal seams in the upper parts of primary mines in the study area
地质组合类型 矿井 开采方式 隔水层稳定性 薄及中厚–厚型(Ⅰ型) 大柳塔、石圪台、哈拉沟(1−2煤、2−2煤) 单一煤层 均失稳 重复采动 柠条塔(1−2煤、2−2煤)、锦界、凉水井、红柳林(1−2煤、3−1煤) 单一煤层 稳定 重复采动 失稳 尔林兔、孟家湾西、小壕兔、小保当(1−2煤、2−2煤)、大保当(1−2煤、3−1煤) 单一煤层 均稳定 重复采动 厚–薄及中厚型(Ⅱ型) 大柳塔、哈拉沟(2−2煤、3−1煤) 单一煤层 均失稳 重复采动 金鸡滩、曹家滩、榆树湾、杭来湾、大保当、小壕兔、西湾(2−2煤、3−1煤) 单一煤层 均稳定 重复采动 厚–厚型(Ⅲ型) 活鸡兔、哈拉沟、石圪台、袁家梁、郭家湾、大柳塔、朱盖塔、孙家岔 单一煤层 均失稳 重复采动 尔林兔、活鸡兔(1−2煤、2−2煤) 单一煤层 均失稳 重复采动 薄及中厚–薄及中厚型(Ⅳ型) 大海则、郭家湾、哈拉沟(1−2煤、2−2煤) 单一煤层 均失稳 重复采动 孟家湾、小壕兔、中鸡、尔林兔(1−2煤、2−2煤) 单一煤层 稳定
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