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摘要:目的
岩体节理粗糙度对其剪切、渗流等力学性质有重要影响，其精准定量化表征对节理岩体工程实践具有重要意义。目前研究成果表明统计参数中一阶导数均方根与岩体节理粗糙度最具相关性，是表征节理粗糙度的重要方法之一，然而采样间隔严重影响其表征结果。
方法鉴于此，深入分析一阶导数均方根表征节理粗糙度的缺陷，提出节理轮廓线上参与计算相邻点有效间距，改进采样间隔趋于最小采样精度时考虑坡向一阶导数均方根算法，建立考虑采样间隔改进参数评估节理粗糙度的统一模型；最后通过试验验证所提模型的可靠性。
结果与结论结果表明：(1) 在采样间隔趋于最小采样精度时，改进一阶导数均方根表征节理粗糙度更有效。(2) 采样间隔在[2.13 mm, 10.1 mm]范围内，不同间隔下38组类岩石节理面4个方向上的粗糙度评估值与实际值平均偏差不超3.0；其中180°方向的标准差低至1.249。(3) 构建的节理粗糙度评价新模型初步解决了一阶导数均方根参数表征节理粗糙度受采样间隔严重影响而不便应用的缺陷，为精准量化岩体节理粗糙度提供了一条新途径，该研究方案也为其他统计参数在节理粗糙度精准评估中的普适应用提供参考借鉴。
Abstract:ObjectiveThe joint roughness of rock masses significantly affects their mechanical properties such as shear strength and permeability. Therefore, its quantitative characterization is significant for the engineering practices of jointed rock masses. Current research achievements indicate that among statistical parameters, the root mean square (RMS) of first derivatives (Z2) exhibits the strongest correlation with the joint roughness of rock masses, serving as a vital method for characterizing joint roughness. However, the characterization using this parameter is severely affected by the sampling interval (SI).
MethodsBased on a systematic analysis of the drawbacks of Z2 in characterizing the joint roughness, this study proposed the concept of effective spacing between two adjacent calculation points on a joint profile. Accordingly, it improved the RMS algorithm of first derivatives that considers the inclination angle and its direction ($Z_2^+ $) in the case where SI approached the minimum sampling resolution. Then, a unified evaluation model incorporating SI was established. Finally, this study verified the reliability of the model using direct shear tests.
Results and ConclusionsThe results indicate that the improved RMS of first derivatives ($Z_{2ma}^+ $) is more effective in characterizing joint roughness when SI approaches the minimum sampling resolution. Under sampling intervals of [2.13 mm,10.1 mm], 38 groups of artificial joint planes exhibited average deviations between estimated and measured roughness values in four directions of 3.0 or less, with those in the direction of 180° of as low as 1.249. The proposed model addresses the limitation of using the RMS of first derivatives for joint roughness characterization, which is highly sensitive to SI and thus has limited applicability, thus providing a novel approach for the precise quantification of joint roughness. The research scheme of this study can also serves as a referential for the widespread application of other statistical parameters to the accurate assessment of joint roughness.
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Keywords:
- geological engineering /
- rock joint /
- roughness /
- statistical parameter /
- unified model
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图 2 参数$ Z_2^ + $表达式中各参数意义
Fig. 2 Meanings of parameters in the expression of $ Z_2^ + $
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图 3 两条不同节理在最小采样精度下局部细节分析
Fig. 3 Comparison of local details in two distinct joints under minimum sampling resolution
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图 4 最小采样精度与采样间隔关系
Fig. 4 Relationship between minimum sampling resolution and sampling interval
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图 5 不同采样间隔下统计参数$ Z_{2\text{m}}^ + $计算流程
Fig. 5 Flow chart for the calculation of statistical parameter $ Z_{2\text{m}}^ + $ under varying sampling intervals
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图 8 10条标准节理$ Z_{2\text{m}}^ + $值随采样间隔的变化趋势
Fig. 8 $ Z_{2\text{m}}^ + $ of 10 standard joints varying with sampling interval
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图 9 小采样间隔下算法$ Z_{2\text{m}}^ + $与$ Z_2^ + $变化趋势对比
Fig. 9 Comparison of the variation trends of parameters $ Z_{2\text{m}}^ + $ and $ Z_2^ + $ under small sampling intervals
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图 10 SI∈[0.1 mm, 2.0 mm)时$ Z_{{\mathrm{2ma}}}^ + $与JRC关系
Fig. 10 Relationship between $ Z_{{\mathrm{2ma}}}^ + $ and JRC under sampling interval(SI)∈[0.1 mm, 2.0 mm)
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图 11 截距$ b' $求解方法图解
Fig. 11 Schematic diagram illustrating the method for determining intercept $ b' $
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图 14 节理面4个方向JRC估计值与试验值对比
Fig. 14 Comparison of predicted and experimental JRC values in four directions for joint planes
表 1 10条标准节理统计参数$ Z_{2\text{m}}^ + $计算结果
Table 1 Calculation results of statistical parameter $ Z_{2\text{m}}^ + $ of 10 standard joints
SI/mm JRC0-2 JRC2-4 JRC4-6 JRC6-8 JRC8-10 JRC10-12 JRC12-14 JRC14-16 JRC16-18 JRC18-20 0.1 0.154 0.164 0.154 0.173 0.202 0.199 0.206 0.240 0.221 0.319 0.2 0.155 0.162 0.152 0.171 0.199 0.201 0.207 0.242 0.218 0.314 0.4 0.164 0.162 0.151 0.176 0.202 0.202 0.209 0.243 0.223 0.313 0.5 0.151 0.162 0.155 0.174 0.207 0.195 0.200 0.240 0.224 0.323 1.0 0.151 0.158 0.154 0.167 0.208 0.195 0.197 0.234 0.208 0.316 2.0 0.132 0.149 0.150 0.187 0.171 0.199 0.197 0.224 0.201 0.305 2.5 0.139 0.145 0.133 0.138 0.142 0.167 0.143 0.257 0.192 0.314 3.0 0.116 0.126 0.096 0.125 0.146 0.164 0.172 0.210 0.150 0.272 4.0 0.066 0.065 0.105 0.088 0.079 0.136 0.130 0.159 0.141 0.220 5.0 0.069 0.073 0.096 0.097 0.084 0.140 0.141 0.184 0.125 0.252 6.0 0.058 0.053 0.074 0.095 0.082 0.157 0.111 0.139 0.135 0.224 7.0 0.050 0.050 0.086 0.047 0.076 0.134 0.117 0.137 0.107 0.173 8.0 0.043 0.052 0.053 0.078 0.053 0.104 0.089 0.154 0.125 0.188 9.0 0.057 0.051 0.048 0.057 0.047 0.097 0.104 0.145 0.098 0.243 10.0 0.051 0.035 0.037 0.048 0.053 0.121 0.087 0.129 0.102 0.145 
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表 2 10条标准节理统计参数$ Z_2^ + $计算结果
Table 2 Calculation results of statistical parameter $ Z_{2}^{+} $ of 10 standard joints
SI/mm JRC0-2 JRC2-4 JRC4-6 JRC6-8 JRC8-10 JRC10-12 JRC12-14 JRC14-16 JRC16-18 JRC18-20 0.1 2.000 1.979 1.938 1.922 1.946 1.915 1.791 1.836 1.893 2.045 0.2 1.000 1.000 0.951 0.963 0.977 0.932 0.906 0.941 0.968 0.977 0.4 0.661 0.549 0.550 0.518 0.536 0.539 0.498 0.511 0.538 0.619
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JRC序号 JRC0-2 JRC2-4 JRC4-6 JRC6-8 JRC8-10 JRC10-12 JRC12-14 JRC14-16 JRC16-18 JRC18-20 实际值 0.4 2.8 5.8 6.7 9.5 10.8 12.8 14.5 16.7 18.7
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表 4 10条标准节理L/SI与$ Z_{2\text{m}}^ + $关系表达式
Table 4 Summary of relational expression between the L/SI ratio and $ Z_{2\text{m}}^ + $ for 10 standard joints
标准节理序号 关系式 SI∈[2.0 mm, 10.0 mm] JRC0-2 $ Z_{2 \text{m}}^{+}=0.002\;4(L / \text{SI})+0.021\;9 $，R2= 0.8804 JRC2-4 $ Z_{2 \text{m}}^{+}=0.003\;1(L / \text{SI})+0.003\;7 $，R2= 0.9297 JRC4-6 $ Z_{2 \text{m}}^{+}=0.002\;6(L / \text{SI})+0.029\;5 $，R2= 0.9010 JRC6-8 $ Z_{2 \text{m}}^{+}=0.003\;2(L / \text{SI})+0.017\;8 $，R2= 0.9585 JRC8-10 $ Z_{2 \text{m}}^{+}=0.003\;0(L / \text{SI})+0.014\;8 $，R2= 0.9716 JRC10-12 $ Z_{2 \text{m}}^{+}=0.001\;9(L / \text{SI})+0.097\;7 $，R2= 0.9454 JRC12-14 $ Z_{2 \mathrm{~m}}^{+}=0.002\;2(L / \text{SI})+0.075\;5 $，R2= 0.8115 JRC14-16 $ Z_{2 \text{m}}^{+}=0.002\;7(L / \text{SI})+0.111\;8 $，R2= 0.7338 JRC16-18 $ Z_{2 \text{m}}^{+}=0.002\;6(L / \text{SI})+0.075\;6 $，R2= 0.9761 JRC18-20 $ Z_{2 \text{m}}^{+}=0.003\;9(L / \text{SI})+0.134\;5 $，R2= 0.8086
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表 5 参数$a $，$b $调整后L/SI与$ Z_{2 \text{m}}^{+} $关系表达式
Table 5 Relational expressions between the L/SI ratio and $ Z_{2 \text{m}}^{+} $ for 10 standard joints after adjustment of parameters $a $ and $b $
标准节理序号 关系式 SI∈(2.0 mm, 10.0 mm] JRC0-2 $ Z_{2 \text{m}}^{+}=0.002\;76(L /\text{SI})+0.011\;1 $ JRC2-4 $ Z_{2 \text{m}}^{+}=0.002\;76(L /\text{SI})+0.013\;9 $ JRC4-6 $ Z_{2 \text{m}}^{+}=0.002\;76(L /\text{SI})+0.024\;7 $ JRC6-8 $ Z_{2 \text{m}}^{+}=0.002\;76(L /\text{SI})+0.031\;0 $ JRC8-10 $ Z_{2 \text{m}}^{+}=0.002\;76(L /\text{SI})+0.025\;6 $ JRC10-12 $ Z_{2 \text{m}}^{+}=0.002\;76(L /\text{SI})+0.071\;9 $ JRC12-14 $ Z_{2 \text{m}}^{+}=0.002\;76(L /\text{SI})+0.058\;7 $ JRC14-16 $ Z_{2 \text{m}}^{+}=0.002\;76(L /\text{SI})+0.011\;0 $ JRC16-18 $ Z_{2 \text{m}}^{+}=0.002\;76(L /\text{SI})+0.070\;8 $ JRC18-20 $ Z_{2 \text{m}}^{+}=0.002\;76(L /\text{SI})+0.168\;7 $
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表 6 不同法向力下 4 个方向的直剪试验数据
Table 6 Data from direct shear tests in four directions under varying normal forces
剪切
方向/(°)坡度/
(°)节理面
面积/mm2法向力/
N剪切力/
N法向应力/
MPa剪切应力/
MPa0 8 10 098.28 3 000 3 500 0.246 0 0.384 6 4 000 4 600 0.328 9 0.506 2 5 000 5 400 0.415 9 0.598 4 6 000 6 200 0.502 9 0.690 7 90 9 10 124.65 3 000 5 400 0.376 1 0.480 4 4 000 6 400 0.489 1 0.562 5 5 000 7 400 0.602 1 0.644 6 6 000 8 800 0.721 3 0.765 8 180 8 10 098.28 3 000 4 800 0.360 3 0.429 4 4 000 5 800 0.472 2 0.513 6 5 000 7 000 0.586 8 0.617 5 6 000 7 700 0.694 5 0.672 4 270 9 10 124.65 3 000 3 500 0.238 6 0.387 8 4 000 4 700 0.317 6 0.520 3 5 000 5 500 0.402 8 0.613 8 6 000 6 300 0.488 0 0.707 3
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表 7 节理面 4 个方向的$ Z_{2{\mathrm{s}}}^{+} $及相应JRC 计算结果
Table 7 Calculation results of $ Z_{2{\mathrm{s}}}^{+} $ and corresponding JRC in four directions for joint planes
SI/mm $ Z_{2{\mathrm{s}}}^{+} $ JRC 0° 90° 180° 270° 0° 90° 180° 270° 0.21 0.266 0.309 0.206 0.171 17.0 20.7 10.7 6.2 0.43 0.250 0.308 0.225 0.172 15.5 20.5 12.9 6.5 0.64 0.178 0.253 0.228 0.162 7.2 15.8 13.2 4.9 0.85 0.224 0.301 0.247 0.171 12.8 20.0 15.2 6.3 1.07 0.218 0.297 0.256 0.165 12.1 19.7 16.1 5.4 1.28 0.151 0.243 0.225 0.139 3.2 14.8 12.9 1.2 1.49 0.171 0.280 0.255 0.154 6.3 18.2 16.0 3.7 1.70 0.153 0.257 0.237 0.136 3.5 16.1 14.2 0.7 1.92 0.182 0.226 0.214 0.171 7.8 13.1 11.7 6.21 2.13 0.180 0.293 0.274 0.150 11.0 18.5 17.7 5.4 2.34 0.175 0.279 0.268 0.141 11.8 18.4 18.0 6.1 2.56 0.137 0.257 0.240 0.128 7.4 18.0 17.2 5.0 2.77 0.148 0.248 0.239 0.125 10.8 17.9 17.5 6.7 2.98 0.131 0.236 0.227 0.113 9.4 17.7 17.3 5.4 3.20 0.192 0.363 0.348 0.171 15.7 21.9 21.5 14.3 3.41 0.216 0.368 0.337 0.160 17.3 22.1 21.4 13.9 3.62 0.203 0.338 0.329 0.158 16.9 21.5 21.3 14.1 3.83 0.156 0.330 0.310 0.149 14.3 21.4 20.9 13.8 4.05 0.183 0.330 0.316 0.155 16.3 21.5 21.2 14.5 4.26 0.201 0.371 0.381 0.166 17.4 22.5 22.7 15.5 4.47 0.136 0.303 0.291 0.122 13.5 21.0 20.7 12.2 4.69 0.147 0.371 0.298 0.128 14.6 22.7 21.0 13.1 4.90 0.137 0.275 0.291 0.117 14.0 20.4 20.8 12.2 5.11 0.132 0.282 0.273 0.116 13.9 20.7 20.4 12.3 5.33 0.139 0.266 0.265 0.114 14.6 20.2 20.2 12.4 5.54 0.134 0.270 0.261 0.117 14.3 20.4 20.2 12.8 5.75 0.112 0.254 0.249 0.103 12.6 20.0 19.9 11.5 5.96 0.118 0.253 0.259 0.105 13.3 20.0 20.2 12.0 6.18 0.115 0.240 0.235 0.101 13.1 19.7 19.5 11.8 6.39 0.096 0.238 0.240 0.089 11.4 19.6 19.7 10.5 6.60 0.132 0.231 0.248 0.106 14.7 19.4 20.0 12.5 6.82 0.093 0.220 0.229 0.086 11.3 19.1 19.4 10.4 7.03 0.085 0.223 0.221 0.083 10.5 19.3 19.2 10.2 7.24 0.111 0.240 0.219 0.084 13.4 19.9 19.2 10.4 7.46 0.105 0.208 0.229 0.079 12.9 18.8 19.6 9.9 7.67 0.090 0.199 0.205 0.066 11.5 18.5 18.7 7.8 7.88 0.103 0.205 0.234 0.089 13.0 18.8 19.8 11.5 8.09 0.075 0.197 0.199 0.080 9.7 18.5 18.6 10.5 8.31 0.078 0.194 0.208 0.077 10.2 18.4 19.0 10.2 8.52 0.086 0.198 0.205 0.076 11.5 18.6 18.9 10.0 8.73 0.073 0.183 0.206 0.067 9.8 18.1 18.9 8.7 8.95 0.076 0.185 0.205 0.066 10.3 18.1 18.9 8.7 9.16 0.099 0.208 0.214 0.070 13.0 19.1 19.3 9.6 9.37 0.089 0.184 0.210 0.081 12.1 18.2 19.2 11.2 9.59 0.078 0.176 0.206 0.060 10.8 17.9 19.0 7.9 9.80 0.087 0.187 0.203 0.065 12.0 18.3 19.0 9.0 10.01 0.057 0.189 0.200 0.056 7.6 18.4 18.9 7.4
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表 8 粗糙度估计值与试验值偏离程度计算
Table 8 Degree of deviation between estimated and experimental roughness
样本分类 标准差 0° 90° 180° 270° 全体样本 3.319 1.895 2.943 3.616 小采样间隔样本 5.476 3.281 6.529 6.311 大采样间隔样本 2.685 1.462 1.249 2.765
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