Advances in research on technologies for large-scale coal gangue utilization for green mine construction
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摘要:背景
我国煤矸石固废产量大、堆存量持续增加，长期堆放会造成土地资源的浪费且污染矿区环境。利用煤矸石制备高附加值化工产品、提取有用元素等固废处理方式，存在消纳能力不足等问题，难以满足大宗固废规模化处置利用和绿色矿山建设要求。
进展煤矸石在矿区复垦、井下充填等领域综合利用，是实现其规模化处置利用的重要发展方向。系统总结了煤矸石的物理化学特性及其资源属性，并分析了煤矸石长期堆放对矿区大气、土壤、水体等影响；以绿色矿山建设为出发点，重点介绍了煤矸石作为塌陷区复垦、地聚物注浆、固体充填、膏体充填及似膏体充填等材料的固废规模化处置与利用技术的原理、发展及应用效果。发现煤矸石复垦材料能够改善土壤性质、促进植物生长，但存在短期内重金属迁移污染环境等问题；煤矸石作为地聚物注浆材料实现了煤矸石重金属物质的有效固化，降低了重金属元素释放对环境的危害；煤矸石固体充填技术具有煤矸石处理工艺简便、辅助材料使用少的优势，但面临充填效果不均匀、污染地下水等挑战；归纳了煤矸石膏体充填材料、似膏体充填材料的原料配方及流动性优势，分析了材料的微观水化机理与流动特性，为矿井充填开采提供了关键技术支撑。最后提出目前煤矸石存在活性难以充分激发并利用、应用缺乏前期分类预处理、井下充填注浆利用成本高以及规模化利用缺乏激励性政策支持等问题。
展望为进一步推动煤矸石在矿区的安全高效、风险可控及规模化利用，未来将重点围绕煤矸石低成本复合活化方法、煤矸石固废利用过程环境友好性评估、煤矸石矿化封存CO2与负碳利用等开展研究，为煤矸石“绿色−高效−高值”综合利用路径发展提供思路，提高煤矸石的规模化利用和风险防范能力，促进固废利用与绿色矿山建设的协同发展。
Abstract:BackgroundThe coal gangue, a solid waste, features high production and a continuous increase in the amount piled in China. The long-term piling up of coal gangue will cause the waste of land resources and environmental pollution in mining areas. Various methods for utilizing coal gangue, such as preparing high-value-added chemical products and extracting useful elements, suffer a limited consumption capacity, failing to meet the requirements of large-scale disposal and utilization of solid wastes and green mine construction.
AdvancesThe comprehensive utilization of coal gangue for mining area reclamation and underground backfilling represents a critical direction for its large-scale disposal and utilization. This study systematically summarizes the physicochemical properties and resource attributes of coal gangue and analyzes the impacts of its long-term piling up on the atmosphere, soils, and water in mining areas. From the perspective of green mine construction, this study highlights the principles, advances, and application effects of technologies for large-scale disposal and utilization of coal gangue. These technologies include the utilization of coal gangue as materials for the reclamation of collapse areas, geopolymer grouting materials, solid filling materials, paste filling materials, and paste-like filling materials. The results reveal that when used as materials for reclamation, coal gangue can improve soil properties and promote plant growth, yet it poses challenges of short-term heavy metal migration and environmental contamination. When used as geopolymer grouting materials, coal gangue can effectively immobilize heavy metals within it, suppressing their release and reducing their damage to the environment. The solid backfilling technology tailored to coal gangue enjoys advantages including simple coal gangue processing technique and minimal consumption of auxiliary materials. However, this technology faces challenges like uneven filling and groundwater contamination. Furthermore, this study summarizes the composition and flowability advantages of coal gangue when used as paste and paste-like filling materials and analyzes its microscopic hydration mechanisms and flow properties, providing key technical support for backfill mining of mines. Finally, this study points out some issues concerning the utilization of coal gangue, including challenges in the full stimulation and utilization of the activity of coal gangue, the absence of classification and pretreatment in the early stage, high cost of utilization as underground backfilling and grouting materials, and a lack of incentive policies for large-scale utilization.
ProspectsTo promote the large-scale utilization of coal gangue in mining areas in a safe, efficient, and risk-controllable manner, future research will focus on the cost-effective composite activation methods, environmental friendliness assessment of utilization processes, CO2 mineralization and sequestration, and carbon-negative utilization of coal gangue. These efforts will provide insights for the comprehensive utilization of coal gangue following the "green-efficient-high value" roadmap, expand the large-scale utilization of coal gangue, and enhance the risk prevention abilities in this regard, thus promoting the synergetic development of solid waste utilization and green mine construction.
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Keywords:
- green mine /
- coal gangue /
- solid waste utilization /
- reclamation /
- filling /
- activation /
- carbon-negative
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图 1 2013—2023年我国煤矸石综合利用情况
Fig. 1 Comprehensive utilization of coal gangue from 2013 to 2023
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图 2 煤矸石堆放污染矿区大气环境
Fig. 2 Contamination of coal gangue piles to atmospheric environment in mining areas
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图 3 煤矸石堆放释放重金属元素污染土壤
Fig. 3 Contamination to soils due to heavy metal release from coal gangue piles in mining areas
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图 4 煤矸石堆放污染水体环境
Fig. 4 Contamination of coal gangue piles to water environment in mining areas
表 1 煤矸石分类方法
Table 1 Classification methods of coal gangue
分类方法 分类指标 煤矸石分类 三级分类命名法 矸类(产出名称) 洗矸、煤巷矸、岩巷矸、手选矸、剥离矸 矸族(实用名称) 铝型、黏型、硅型、高热、中热、高硫 矸岩(岩石名称) 黏土岩、砂岩、钙质岩、铝质岩等 GB/T 29162—2012
《煤矸石分类》全硫质量分数St,d/% 低硫 (≤1.0) 中硫(>1.0~3.0) 中高硫(>3.0~6.0) 高硫(>6.0) 灰分产率Ad/% 低灰 (≤70.0) 中灰 (>70.0~85.0) 高灰(>85.0) 灰成分钙镁质量分数w(CaO+MgO)/% 钙镁型 (>10) 铝硅型 (≤10) 铝硅质量比m(Al2O3)/m(SiO2) 低级 (≤0.30) 中级 (>0.30~0.50) 高级 (>0.50) 
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表 2 煤矸石的化学成分
Table 2 Chemical composition of coal gangue
化学成分 SiO2 Al2O3 CaO MgO Fe2O3 K2O Na2O 烧失量 质量分数/% 40~65 15~50 1~7 1~4 2~9 1.0~2.5 <1 2~17
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表 3 煤矸石作为塌陷区复垦材料研究进展
Table 3 Advances in research on the utilization of coal gangue for reclamation of collapse areas
文献 研究对象 研究内容 研究结果 [30] 煤矸石、玉米秸秆、
粉煤灰、保水剂优化煤矸石与添加剂对种植基质的影响 最佳配方：煤矸石与土壤1∶1、玉米秸秆50 g/kg、粉煤灰37 g/kg、保水剂1 g/kg，显著提高植物生长和土壤化学性质 [31] 煤矸石 分析煤矸石回填土壤中的6种重金属的分布、
迁移性及生态风险Cu、Pb、Zn浓度增加，Mn对生态威胁中等，其他重金属风险低 [32] 煤矸石 研究煤矸石作为回填材料在煤矿塌陷区的应用及其对环境污染风险的影响 模拟了煤矸石回填区域重金属在土壤中的迁移规律，重金属浓度均未超过限值，表明煤矸石回填塌陷区环境污染风险可控 [33] 煤矸石 研究煤矸石回填土地的土壤质量恢复，分析重建土壤的质量变量及相互关系 10 a后土壤变量恢复，但关联性增强，土壤更脆弱；复垦3~10 a后增加有机肥，或采用其他间接方法来提升土壤养分措施，有助于改善土壤质地 [34] 丛枝菌根真菌、白蜡、
煤矸石山土壤研究菌根真菌在煤矸石山土地复垦中的生态效果 菌根真菌促进植株生长、物种多样性、土壤改良，增强抗旱和抗病能力，显著改善生态环境
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表 4 煤矸石作为地聚物注浆材料研究进展
Table 4 Advances in research on the utilization of coal gangue as geopolymer grouting materials
文献 研究对象 研究内容 研究结果 [41] 煤矸石、水泥、
粉煤灰、水玻璃等通过响应面法优化煤基固废地聚物注浆材料的配比，分析凝结时间、抗压强度、抗渗性能等指标 浆体凝结时间48 min，3 d抗压强度2.81 MPa，28 d抗压强度6.37 MPa，4次循环注浆后，注浆终压达到6.9 MPa [42] 煤矸石、粉煤灰、
矿渣、聚丙烯纤维等加入氢氧化钠和聚丙烯纤维提升注浆材料的力学性能，改善抗裂和延展性 当氢氧化钠掺量为3%，纤维长度为9 mm、掺量为5‰时，28 d抗压强度达9.34 MPa，增强了界面结合力 [43] 煤矸石、高炉矿渣粉、
氢氧化钠、硅酸钠、
熟石灰等采用煅烧煤矸石与高炉矿渣、熟石灰混合，通过提高钙含量制备得到高强度地聚物 熟石灰掺量2.5%时，试件的3、28和60 d抗压强度较未加熟石灰试件分别提高了47.85%、43.93%和42.43% [44] 煤矸石、硅酸钠、
氢氧化钠、炉渣等研究不同碱性激发剂对煤矸石−矿渣−粉煤灰地聚物注浆材料的影响，分析其抗压强度、微观结构及反应产物 抗压强度随着硅酸钠含量的增加逐渐降低，90 d时抗压强度逐渐恢复 [45] 煤矸石、水玻璃、
氢氧化钠等研究机械和热激活方法对煤矸石反应性的影响，以及热激活煤矸石在改性硅酸钠碱溶液中的地质聚合性能 不同热活化条件下，试样的抗压强度存在差异，800 ℃下热活化的试样抗压强度为17.85 MPa，较700 ℃和900 ℃下分别提高66%和110% [46] 煤矸石、粉煤灰、
氢氧化钙、氢氧化钠等研究钙含量对煤矸石和粉煤灰地聚物的影响，并优化煤矸石和粉煤灰地聚物的配比 当煤矸石掺量为30%时，28 d抗压强度为22 MPa；碱活化剂和氢氧化钙显著改善了注浆材料的微观结构，提升了强度
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表 5 煤矸石作为固体充填材料研究进展
Table 5 Advances in research on the utilization of coal gangue as solid filling materials
文献 研究对象 研究内容及方法 研究结果 [49] 煤矸石、
粉煤灰、黄土研究煤矸石、粉煤灰、黄土比例对充填体强度与密实度的影响 优化材料配比后，1 d强度从0.144 MPa增至0.417~1.233 MPa，3 d为0.191~1.200 MPa，7 d为0.195~1.640 MPa，提升了抗压强度与稳定性 [50] 煤矸石、矿粉、石膏、硅酸盐熟料 研究低成本胶凝材料(矿粉、石膏、水泥熟料)在煤矿固体充填中的应用 最优配比下，充填体的7、28 d抗压强度分别为3.48和5.11 MPa，成本优势明显，且充填效率提高 [51] 圆柱体模型(煤矸石) 研究煤矸石下落过程中运动特性与抗风能力 进料能力增大，空气阻力逐步增大，煤矸石下落速度逐渐减缓 [52] 松散矸石 使用PFC3D数值模拟，研究试样尺寸对松散矸石力学性能的影响 煤矸石颗粒增大，松散矸石的压缩应力−应变曲线趋于双曲线型，侧压系数先增大后减小，并且较大尺寸试样的承载能力更强、变形更小 [53] 煤矸石 用PFC模拟4种不同粒径等级的煤矸石回填材料的压缩变形，分析粒径对压缩变形和颗粒破碎的
影响当粒径较小时，孔隙率较低，破碎颗粒填充孔隙；粒径较大时，孔隙率较高，破碎颗粒无法完全填充孔隙；合理的粒度比例增强了回填材料的变形能力，减少压缩
变形[54] 煤矸石 采用PFC3D颗粒流数值模拟研究煤矸石充填体在循环载荷下的力学特性 累积变形分为快速增长和逐步稳定2个阶段，每次加载应力上限为2 MPa；颗粒破碎对变形和力学特性有显著影响
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表 6 煤矸石作为膏体充填材料研究进展
Table 6 Advances in research on the utilization of coal gangue as paste filling materials
文献 研究对象 研究内容 研究结果 [57] 煤矸石、粉煤灰、
水泥研究固体废弃物膏体充填料浆的工作特性和强度特性，分析粉煤灰、水泥、细矸率及质量分数对膏体的影响 最优配比为粉煤灰360 kg/m³，水泥170 kg/m³，细矸率40%，质量分数82%。3 d抗压强度2.9 MPa，7 d强度
6.32 MPa，28 d强度14.9 MPa[58] 煤矸石、粉煤灰、
水泥研究大粒径粗骨料(15~25 mm)对膏体性能的影响，分析坍落度、凝结时间、强度等随粗骨料比例的变化规律 粉煤灰掺量多时，电阻率相对较大，28 d抗压强度为
3.95 MPa，揭示了不同水泥掺量下凝结时间与强度变化规律[59] 煤矸石、粉煤灰、
氯化钠研究氯化钠对膏体材料水化过程的影响作用 氯化钠掺入显著提高了膏体的抗压强度和弹性模量，
28 d强度为1008.25 kPa[60] 煤矸石、粉煤灰、
气化渣研究充填材料的最优配比和材料损伤演化模型，分析水泥掺量对材料充填效果的影响 最优配比条件下充填材料的初终凝时间分别为5.65和11.73 h，抗压强度为2.32 MPa，抗拉强度为0.13 MPa，28 d损伤值为0.41，该膏体材料成本为25.76元/t [61] 煤矸石、水泥 研究了表面浆料处理方法对煤矸石浆料的优化，通过SEM和EDS分析微观结构变化，优化混合比设计 揭示了煤矸石与水泥混合后的微观结构变化，孔隙率降至2.62%，水泥水化产物形成复杂钙矾石骨架，分形维数显著增加 [62] 煤矸石、粉煤灰、
水泥研究煤矸石级配和粉煤灰比例对材料力学性能的影响 配比优化后，28 d抗压强度提升至3.30 MPa，弹性模量增至0.44 GPa，改善了膏体的力学性能 [63] 煤矸石、粉煤灰、
水泥研究膏体材料的力学性能，制备不同配比的煤矸石−粉煤灰充填混合物，并进行了抗压强度与流动性等试验 优化配比后，膏体的抗压强度和泌水率得到改善，早期强度0.13 MPa，后期强度2.47 MPa [64] 煤矸石 研究煤矿膏体充填对地下水环境的影响 煤矸石和粉煤灰配制的膏体充填对重金属元素有固化作用，重金属浸出毒性值低于原材料，符合地下水Ⅲ类水指标
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表 7 煤矸石作为似膏体充填材料研究进展
Table 7 Advances in research on the utilization of coal gangue as paste-like filling materials
文献 研究对象 研究内容 研究结果 [66] 陶化煤矸石、新鲜煤矸石、粉煤灰、
复合减水剂研究煤矸石似膏体自流充填特性，分析抗压强度、坍落度等参数 陶化煤矸石提高了充填体的强度，7 d时强度提升30%，改善了材料的抗压强度、坍落度 [67] 煤矸石、粉煤灰、
水泥研究适用于孙村煤矿的似膏体料浆，以解决煤矸石排放与矿山安全问题 配比优化后抗压强度得到显著提升，流变性能(坍落度、稠度)也有所改善，粗粒新鲜煤矸石提高了流动性，材料强度明显增强 [68] 煤矸石、粉煤灰、PL膏体胶结料、速凝剂 开展煤矸石似膏体快速充填试验，分析了充填强度和凝结时间，确定最佳配比 浆体凝结时间小于6 h，28 d抗压强度达到1.05 MPa，适应不同施工需求 [69] 煤矸石、粉煤灰、
水泥、氯化物、河砂建立BP网络模型，探讨了似膏体充填材料各组分对性能的影响，并优化配比 BPNN算法优化后的配比显著改善了分层度和塌落度，长期抗压强度可达15.8 MPa [70] 煤矸石、粉煤灰、
水泥测试不同浓度和颗粒粒径下煤矸石似膏体料浆的流变参数，模拟管道输送过程 料浆浓度为78%时，浆体流动特性良好，沉降明显减少 [71] 煤矸石、粉煤灰、
水泥分析煤矸石似膏体充填料浆在管道自流输送过程中的运动和沉降规律，利用Fluent软件模拟料浆的输送过程 煤矸石浆体在管道输送过程中能够保持良好的悬浮状态，有效克服输送阻力 [72] 煤矸石、粉煤灰、
水泥通过Fluent模拟和流体力学理论计算方法，分析似膏体料浆管路输送特性 模拟结果表明，料浆具有良好的输送特性，符合工程应用标准 [73] 煤矸石、粉煤灰、
水泥、钢渣探讨材料的力学性能和胶结机理，设计了似膏体充填工艺流程及制备与输送系统 利用新型骨料、煤矸石和钢渣分别制备似膏体材料，其最大允许充填倍线分别为5.06、4.01和4.63，材料成本为34~57元/t [74] 煤矸石、粉煤灰、
水泥、木钙研究减水剂对煤矸石似膏体充填料浆流变性能的影响，分析减水剂对料浆坍落度、坍落扩散度和稠度的作用 材料的流变性、强度等得到优化，坍落度为28.5 cm，坍落扩散度63.0 cm；减水剂对强度提升起到了关键作用 [75] 煤矸石、粉煤灰、
矿渣、熟料、石膏研究煤矸石凝石似膏体充填材料性能，分析煤矸石物相组成与热力学特性 3、7和28 d抗压强度分别为21.3、38.0和49.5 MPa [76] 煤矸石、水泥熟料、粉煤灰 通过对煤矸石煅烧激发其活性，采用复合热液蚀变方法确定最佳活化参数 优化配比显著提高了抗压强度，7和28 d抗压强度分别为35.5和49.6 MPa
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