Application of five seismic attributes in natural fracture prediction for deep coalbed methane production along the eastern margin of the Ordos Basin
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摘要:背景
天然裂缝既是深部煤层气游离气主要储集空间，也是油气运移的通道，同时在深部高压状态下天然裂缝可以提高地层的孔隙率和渗透率，对煤层渗透性有“放大”的效果，精细刻画其平面展布规律对深部煤层气开发至关重要。
目的和方法以鄂尔多斯盆地东缘大宁–吉县区块石炭系本溪组 8号煤为研究对象，应用“两宽一高”三维地震资料，通过OVT域处理，获得时间、空间(三维坐标)、偏移距(或炮检距)和方位角五维地震数据，开展叠前方位各向异性属性提取预测裂缝。
结果和结论建立了椭圆拟合与方位统计相结合的五维地震解释技术流程，揭示了研究区发育燕山期近 EW/NEE 向与喜马拉雅期近 SN/NNE 向的共轭裂缝系统。通过与成像测井、阵列声波测井及压裂施工曲线的多源数据验证，证实方位统计法在裂缝方向(符合率 89%)和发育程度(预测准确率 88.5%)预测方面具有更高可靠性。研究成果成功指导了水平井部署优化，为深部煤层气高效开发提供了重要技术支撑，相关方法可推广至其他深部煤岩含气盆地。
Abstract:BackgroundNatural fractures serve as both the primary storage space for free gas of deep coalbed methane (CBM) and pathways for hydrocarbon migration. Furthermore, these fractures can enhance the porosity and permeability of strata under the deep, high-pressure condition, significantly amplifying the permeability of coal seams. Therefore, the fine-scale characterization of the planar distribution of natural fractures is crucial to deep CBM production.
Objectives and MethodsThis study investigated the No.8 coal seam in the Carboniferous Benxi Formation within the Daning-Jixian block on the eastern margin of the Ordos Basin. Through offset vector tiles (OVT) domain processing of offshore 3D wide-azimuth, broadband, and high-density (WBH) seismic data, this study determined five-dimensional seismic data: time, space (3D coordinates), offset (or shot-to-geophone distance), and azimuth. Then, fracture prediction was conducted through a pre-stack analysis of the azimuthal anisotropy attributes.
Results and Conclusionsthis study developed a technical process for the five-dimensional seismic data-based interpretation that combined the methods of elliptical fitting and azimuthal statistics. The results reveal the presence of conjugate fracture systems in the study area: Yanshanian nearly EW/NEE- and Himalayan nearly SN/NNE-oriented fractures. The verification using multi-source data, including formation micro-imaging (FMI) logs, array acoustic logs, and fracturing curves, indicates that the azimuthal statistical method exhibited higher reliability in predicting fracture orientation (coincidence rate: 89 %) and developmental degree (prediction accuracy: 88.5 %). The results of this study have provided successful guidance for the optimization of horizontal well deployment, providing significant technical support for the efficient development of deep CBM. The relevant methodology can be widely applied to other basins bearing deep coal-bearing gas.
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图 1 大宁−吉县区块构造位置和岩性综合柱状图
Fig. 1 Tectonic location map and composite lithologic column of the Daning-Jixian block
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图 3 大宁−吉县区块燕山−喜马拉雅期构造纲要
Fig. 3 Outline maps showing the Yanshanian-Himalayan structures in the Daning-Jixian block
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图 7 煤层方位各向异性叠加模板
Fig. 7 Stacking templates for the analysis of azimuthal anisotropy of coal seams
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图 8 煤层方位各向异性分析敏感属性优选
Fig. 8 Selection of optimal sensitive attributes for azimuthal anisotropy analysis of coal seams
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图 10 椭圆拟合法和方位统计法裂缝强度预测分布
Fig. 10 Distribution of fracture intensity predicted using methods of elliptical fitting and azimuthal statistics
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图 11 JS6-7-P01井台地震方位各向异性强度分布与测井各向异性强度对比
Fig. 11 Comparison of seismic azimuth- and log-derived anisotropy intensity in well JS6-7-P01
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图 12 方位统计法预测与压裂曲线显示裂缝发育情况对比
Fig. 12 Comparison of the developmental degrees of fractures predicted using the azimuthal statistical method and derived from fracturing curves
表 1 深部8号煤层地震与测井裂缝预测结果统计
Table 1 Statistics of the coincidence rates of fractures in the No.8 deep coal seam predicted using seismic and log data
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表 2 深部8号煤层岩心宏观描述统计
Table 2 Statistics of the macroscopic descriptions of cores from the No.8 deep coal seam
井号 样品编号 样品埋深/m 样品长度/m 宏观描述 是否符合 D3-4 17 2199.10 ~ 2199.370.27 黑色炭质页岩，原生结构，可见镜煤条带，偶见裂缝 符合 18 2202.18 ~ 2202.480.30 黑色炭质页岩，原生结构，偶见镜煤条带，裂缝发育 19 2204.98 ~ 2205.220.24 黑色炭质页岩，原生结构，可见镜煤条带，偶见裂缝 20 2205.80 ~ 2206.090.29 黑色炭质页岩，原生结构相对破碎，偶见镜煤条带，裂缝发育 DP20 14 2273.89 ~ 2274.180.28 黑色半暗煤，块状构造，割理发育，填充方解石，参差状断口 符合 15 2274.34 ~ 2274.570.23 黑色半亮煤，块状构造，割理无填充，贝壳状断口 16 2274.86 ~ 2275.130.27 黑色半暗煤，块状构造，割理无填充，含镜质条带，贝壳状断口 17 2275.55 ~ 2275.830.28 黑色半亮煤，块状构造，无割理，贝壳状断口 18 2276.25 ~ 2276.550.30 黑色半亮煤，块状构造，无割理，含镜质条带，贝壳状断口 19 2276.90 ~ 2277.160.26 黑色半亮煤，块状构造，割理发育，填充方解石，含镜质条带贝壳状断口 20 2277.38 ~ 2277.630.25 黑色半亮煤，块状构造，割理发育，方解石填充 21 2277.63 ~ 2277.880.25 黑色半暗煤，块状构造，割理发育中等，含镜质条带贝壳状断口 22 2277.88 ~ 2278.150.27 黑色炭质泥岩夹煤，隔理不发育，光泽暗淡，有黄铁矿填充 23 2278.15 ~ 2278.400.25 黑色暗煤，块状构造，光泽暗淡，割理不发育 24 2278.15 ~ 2278.950.29 黑色半亮煤，块状构造，割理发育，沥青光泽，贝壳状断口 25 2279.04 ~ 2279.290.25 黑色半亮煤，块状构造，割理发育，沥青光泽，贝壳状断口 26 2279.44 ~ 2279.680.24 黑色半亮煤，块状构造，割理发育，贝壳状断口 27 2279.68 ~ 2279.950.27 黑色半暗煤，块状构造，割理非常发育，方解石填充 28 2280.82 ~ 2281.080.26 黑色半亮煤，块状构造，割理非常发育，方解石填充 29 2281.08 ~ 2281.350.27 黑色半亮煤，割理发育，方解石填充，含镜质条带，贝壳状断口 DP19 09 2115.81 ~ 2116.010.2 半亮煤，原生结构煤 符合 11 2117.62 ~ 2117.860.24 半暗煤，原生结构煤 14 2120.85 ~ 2121.120.27 半暗煤，原生结构煤
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