Mechanism of thrust fault slip under the disturbance of stress waves induced by coal mining
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摘要:目的
煤矿开采中，人工爆破、顶板垮断等震源激发应力波易诱发断层失稳并导致冲击地压等灾害。
方法以河南义马矿区F16逆冲断层为研究对象，通过开展断层动光弹实验、数值模拟实验和理论分析，对应力波在断裂结构中的传播规律和应力波作用下断层摩擦能演化特征进行了研究，探讨了震源位置及能量对逆冲断层滑移的扰动规律，阐释了应力波扰动下逆冲断层失稳机理和失稳类型。
结果和结论研究结果表明：(1)应力波传播会被断层阻隔，并造成断层活化加剧、摩擦能迅速增大。(2)震源应力波能量增大可加强断层自锁效应，当能量超过一定阈值时断层才会解锁。(3)应力波自上至下分区扰动断层并造成断层滑移，其滑移模式受初始应力状态和应力波扰动强度影响。(4)初始高水平静载和强应力波扰动是断层失稳的必要条件。研究成果对断层型灾害防控技术发展具有重要的指导意义。
Abstract:ObjectiveThe seismic sources, such as roof collapse and artificial blasting, in coal mining may induce stress waves, which will cause the surrounding faults lose its stability and thus cause the dynamic disasters such as rockbursts etc.
MethodsThe propagation law of stress waves in the fracture structure and the evolution characteristics of friction energy under the action of stress waves were studied through dynamic photoelastic experiment, numerical simulation and theoretical analysis based on the thrust fault F16 in Henan Yima mining area. Meanwhile, the disturbance law of the location of seismic source and energy to the slip of thrust fault was discussed, and the mechanism and type of thrust fault slip under the disturbance of stress waves were elaborated. [Results and Conclusions] The results show that: (1) The propagation of stress waves will be blocked by fault, which will lead to the intensification of fault activation and the rapid rise of friction energy. (2) The increase of source stress wave energy can strengthen the self-locking effect of fault, and the fault will be unblocked when the energy exceeds a certain threshold. (3) The stress waves will disturb the fault by area from top to bottom, thereby resulting in fault slip, and the slip model of a fault is influenced by its initial stress state and the disturbance intensity of stress waves. (4) High initial static stress and strong disturbance of stress waves are the necessary conditions for fault slips. Generally, the research results have important guiding significance for the development of fault disaster prevention and control technology.
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Keywords:
- stress wave /
- thrust fault /
- photoelastic experiment /
- mechanical model /
- rock burst /
- coal mining
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图 2 跃进煤矿
25110 工作面回采时大能量微震事件分布Fig. 2 Distribution of high-energy microseismic events of the No.25110 mining face in Yuejin Coal Mine
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图 7 数值模拟结果与实验室结果对比
Fig. 7 Comparison between results of the laboratory experiment and numerical analysis
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图 9 不同震源位置断层滑移位移和摩擦能变化
Fig. 9 Change in displacement of fault slip and friction energy at different seismic sources
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图 10 不同震源能量下摩擦能及滑移位移变化
Fig. 10 Change in friction energy and displacement of fault slip at different seismic sources
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图 11 P波在断层−围岩系统中的传播过程
Fig. 11 Propagation of P-waves in the fault-surrounding rock system
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图 12 考虑应力波扰动下的断层滑移力学模型
Fig. 12 Mechanical model of fault slips under the disturbance of stress waves
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图 13 影响断层稳定的应力环境类型
Ⅰ—低静载−强动载扰动；Ⅱ—高静载−弱动载扰动；Ⅲ—高静载−强动载扰动
Fig. 13 Type of stress environment affecting the fault stability
表 1 煤岩体物理力学性质
Table 1 Physical and mechanical properties of coal and rock mass
岩层分类 岩性组成 密度/(kg·m−3) 弹性模量/GPa 泊松比 屈服应力/MPa 失效应变 表土层 黄土 1 830 20 0.40 5 0.90 中侏罗统岩层 砾岩、粉砂岩 2 600 26 0.15 35 0.90 晚侏罗统岩层 粗砾岩 2 600 42 0.20 52 0.90 2-3煤 煤 1 350 10 0.34 14 0.80 晚三叠统岩层 石英砂岩 2 700 48 0.20 67 0.90 
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表 2 断层界面性质
Table 2 Mechanical properties of fault interface
静摩擦
因数动摩擦
因数黏性摩擦
系数黏性阻尼
系数启动
时间/μs结束
时间/µs0.4 0.2 1.5×107 20 0 1.0×1020
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表 3 JWL方程参数
Table 3 Parameters in JWL equation
a b R1 R2 ω E0/J 2.0×1011~
1.0×10126.710×104 4.5 1.1 0.35 8.0×106
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表 4 数值模拟实验方案
Table 4 Numerical simulation scheme
因素分类 方案参数 震源位置 1号震源，煤层上方800 m 2号震源，煤层上方600 m 3号震源，煤层上方400 m 4号震源，煤层上方200 m 震源能量参数 a=2×1011 a=4×1011 a=6×1011 a=8×1011 a=1×1012
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