Multi-round diverting fracturing technology and its application in deep coalbed methane in the Daning-Jixian block
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摘要:
鄂尔多斯盆地东缘大宁−吉县区块深部煤层气资源丰度高，煤储层天然裂缝与煤自身割理裂隙发育、煤体结构好、机械强度高、顶底板封盖能力强，为大规模体积压裂缝网的形成提供了有利条件。超大规模压裂改造工艺使深部煤层气单井产量获得重大突破，但示踪剂监测结果显示，水平井各压裂段产气效果贡献不均一、资源动用存在盲区、综合效益未达预期。指出深部煤储层形成超大规模有效缝网面临两类主要挑战：(1) 深部煤层裂缝扩展规律认识不清；(2) 现有压裂技术存在过度改造及改造不充分区域。基于此问题，提出适合深部煤储层改造的多轮次转向缝网弥合压裂技术。首先，分析深部煤层超大规模缝网形成的可行性；其次结合现场压裂数据与微地震监测结果，分析地层曲率、倾角等对压裂裂缝扩展的影响；最后建立应力场计算方法，以此为依据，进行多轮次转向工艺优化及现场试验。在大宁−吉县区块现场进行试验验证，井周微应力场非均匀区域水力裂缝实现了较为均匀的扩展，增大了裂缝整体改造体积，单井产气效果较周边井有明显提升，其中DJ55井5轮次压裂，储层改造体积达到243.6×104 m3，生产340 d累产气量970.5×104 m3，平均日产气量2.85×104 m3，日产量和压力均保持稳定，改造效果较好，预计采收储量(EUR)大于3 000×104 m3，产气潜力较大；JS8-6P05井第1—7段采用2 ~ 3轮次压裂，压后日产气量8.59×104 m3，相比各段均采用单轮次压裂的JS8-6P04井加砂规模降低41.9%、压裂费用降低21%，但2口井水平段千米日产气量相当。试验效果表明，多轮次压裂工艺在一定程度上解决了水平井两侧应力差异而导致的裂缝单侧扩展问题，促进井筒两侧压裂裂缝趋于均匀扩展，极大程度上保障了深部煤储层资源动用程度和压后产量，是深部煤层气压裂工艺降本增效的主要技术途径。
Abstract:The Daning-Jixian block on the eastern margin of the Ordos Basin exhibits high-abundance deep coalbed methane (CBM) resources, well-developed natural fractures of coal reservoirs, well-developed cleats and fractures in coals themselves, coals with excellent structures and high mechanical strength, and strong sealing ability of coal roofs and floors. All these create favorable conditions for the formation of a large-scale fracture network through volume fracturing. The ultra-large-scale fracturing process has contributed to a major breakthrough in the single-well output of deep CBM. However, the tracer monitoring results show that various fracturing stages of horizontal wells exhibited different contribution rates to gas production, there exhibited blind zones of resource production, and expected comprehensive benefits were not achieved. This study proposed two major challenges posed to the formation of ultra-large-scale effective fracture networks in deep coal reservoirs: (1) unclear understanding of fracture propagation patterns in deep coal seams and (2) the presence of areas subjected to over and insufficient stimulation using current fracturing technologies. Given these challenges, this study developed a multi-round diverting fracturing technology to form a merged fracture network for the stimulation of deep coal reservoirs. This technology involved: (1) analyzing the feasibility of the formation of a super-large fracture network of deep coal seams. (2) determining the effects of microstructures, such as the curvatures and dip angles of strata, on fracture propagation based on the field fracturing data and microseismic monitoring results. (3) Establishing a stress field calculation method, which laid the foundation for the process optimization and field experiments of multi-round fracturing diverting. This technology was verified through field experiments in the Daning-Jixian block. The results revealed the uniform propagation of hydraulic fractures in areas with nonuniform micro-stress fields around wells. This uniform propagation increased the overall fractured volume, with single-well gas production in the experiment area significantly improving compared to surrounding wells. Well DJ55, experiencing five rounds of fracturing, exhibited a stimulated reservoir volume of up to 243.6×104 m3, 340-day cumulative gas production of 970.5×104 m3, and an average daily gas production of 2.85×104 m3, with daily gas production and pressure remaining stable. These results indicate excellent stimulation results. With an estimated ultimate recovery greater than 3000×104 m3, this well had great potential for gas production. Well JS8-6P05 in the block yielded a daily gas production of 8.59×104 m3 after 2‒3 rounds of fracturing at fracturing stages 1‒7. Compared to well JS8-6P04, which employed single-round fracturing at each fracturing stage, well JS8-6P05 witnessed reductions in the proppant volume and fracturing cost by 21% and 41.9%, respectively. However, the horizontal sections of both wells produced comparable daily gas production. The experimental results indicate that the multi-round diverting fracturing technology, partially solving the problem that fractures propagate on one side of a horizontal well due to the stress differences on both sides, promotes the uniform propagation of induced fractures on both sides of a wellbore and thus ensures a high production degree and post-fracturing production of deep coal reservoirs. This technology serves as a main technical method for reducing the costs and increasing the efficiency of fracturing technology for deep CBM.
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图 1 直丛井泵注参数与产量关系
Fig. 1 Relationships between the pumping parameters and production of vertical cluster wells
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图 2 欠改造缝网与理想改造缝网
Fig. 2 Schematic diagrams showing understimulated and ideally stimulated fracture networks
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图 3 JS14-7P04井井底施工压力与地层倾角关系
Fig. 3 Relationship between the bottomhole treating pressure and formation dip angle at well JS14-7P04
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图 4 JS14-7P04井裂缝长度与地层参数关系
Fig. 4 Relationships between fracture length and formation parameters at well JS14-7P04
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图 5 JS14-7P04井裂缝长度与地层参数关系(考虑地层倾角差异)
Fig. 5 Relationships between fracture length and formation parameters at well JS14-7P04 (considering the differences in dip angles of the strata)
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图 6 井底施工压力与累计产量贡献率关系
Fig. 6 Relationships between bottomhole pressure and contribution rates to cumulative gas production
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图 8 支撑剂导流能力实验
Fig. 8 Experiments on the impact of proppant grain sizes on fracture conductivity
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图 9 砂量与监测缝网长度及宽度的关系曲线
Fig. 9 Curves showing the relationships of proppant volume with the length and width of the monitored fracture network
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图 10 DJ55井井筒与周边应力计算结果
Fig. 10 Calculation results of stress in the wellbore of well DJ55 and its periphery
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图 11 DJ55井压裂监测结果和生产曲线
Fig. 11 Fracturing monitoring results and production curves of well DJ 55
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图 12 JS8-6P04、JS8-6P05井井筒周边应力差异计算结果
Fig. 12 Differences in calculated stress of wellbores and their peripheries between wells JS8-6P04 and JS8-6P05
表 1 中浅部与深部煤层气储层特征对比
Table 1 Comparison of characteristics of middle-to-shallow and deep coalbed methane reservoirs
名称 平均地层
压力/MPa孔隙率/% 渗透
率/10−3 µm2弹性模
量/GPa泊松比 脆性指数/% 温度/℃ 含气
量/(m3·t−1)含气饱和度/% 中浅部煤层气 7.9 3.98 0.27 1.50~2.70 0.27~0.33 10~25 30.5~51.2 12.0 64.0 深部煤层气 20.0 3.55 0.02 0.75~1.30 0.22~0.28 35~46 61.3~73.4 24.3 93.6 
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表 2 JS14-7P04井各段裂缝长度监测结果
Table 2 Monitoring results of fracture lengths in various fracturing stages of well JS14-7P04
段号 东侧裂缝
长度/m西侧裂缝
长度/m缝网
宽度/m总裂缝
长度/m两侧裂缝
长度差异/m西侧地层
倾角东侧地层
倾角/(°)两侧地层
倾角差异/(°)西侧地层
曲率东侧地层
曲率井底施工
压力/MPa2 180 240 150 420 60 0.56 0.76 0.2 0.000 11 −0.000 03 50.6 3 210 230 190 440 20 0.65 0.44 0.2 0.000 09 −0.000 04 51.4 4 170 270 230 440 100 0.87 0.23 0.6 0.000 01 0.000 07 55.0 5 170 290 170 460 120 1.00 0.38 0.6 0.000 06 0.000 01 53.7 6 130 260 200 390 130 1.24 0.63 0.6 0.000 01 0.000 01 57.5 7 170 240 230 410 70 0.94 0.74 0.2 −0.000 16 0.000 13 55.2 8 180 290 240 470 110 0.97 0.83 0.1 −0.000 14 0.000 12 55.5 9 190 206 180 396 16 0.61 0.61 0 0.000 11 0.000 03 54.7 10 140 220 220 360 80 1.57 0.91 0.7 0.000 16 0.000 05 57.9 11 160 240 230 400 80 1.39 0.79 0.6 −0.000 05 −0.000 07 59.5
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表 3 支撑剂导流能力评价实验
Table 3 Experiments on the evaluation of the impact of proppant grain sizes on fracture conductivity
实验编号 支撑剂粒径/μm 混合比例 1 45~75 2 60~105 3 105~210 4 150~300 5 150~300∶105~210∶60~105 1∶1∶1 6 1∶4∶5 7 1∶2∶7
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表 4 DJ55井煤层及顶底板岩石力学参数
Table 4 Rock mechanical parameters of the coal seam at well DJ55 and its roof and floor
层位 泊松比 弹性模量/MPa 最小主应力/MPa 顶板 0.24 23 824 54.8 8号煤 0.28 6 144 36.3 底板 0.27 16 580 45.4
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表 5 DJ55井施工参数和压力统计
Table 5 Statistics of parameters for fracturing operations and operations at well DJ55
施工轮次 砂量/m3 总液量/m3 平均排量/
(m3·min−1)压裂液体系 支撑剂粒径比例 前置液初期
井底压力/MPa携砂液末期
井底压力/MPa停泵压力/
MPa第1次 410.6 2 941.0 10.0~11.1 变黏滑溜水 60~105 μm∶45~75 μm=1∶3 55.5 40.8 23.4 第2次 119.2 3 529.2 18.5 变黏滑溜水 60~105 μm 36.9 49.7 37.5 第3次 392.7 2 801.8 11.1 低伤害胍胶 60~105 μm∶105~210 μm=1.5∶1 45.8 52.4 49.1 第4次 433.7 2 874.8 10.9 低伤害胍胶 105~210 μm 59.7 49.2 49.1 第5次 445.4 3 189.0 13.0 低伤害胍胶 105~210 μm∶150~300 μm =1∶1 61.6 40.2 46.2
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表 6 DJ55井第2—第5段压裂裂缝参数
Table 6 Parameters of induced fractures at stages 2‒5 of well DJ55
段号 缝长/m 半缝长/m 缝高/m 缝网平均宽度/m 方位角/(°) 本次改造
裂缝体积(SRV)/104 m32 450 E190、W260 10 280 99 117.6 3 400 E260、W140 10 230 92 92.0 4 410 E250、W160 10 240 96 98.4 5 580 E290、W290 10 320 88 164.0 合计 580 E290、W290 10 420 91 243.6
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表 7 JS8-6P04和JS8-6P05井裂缝监测结果
Table 7 Monitoring results of fractures at wells JS8-6P04 and JS8-6P05
施工段 西侧裂
缝长/m东侧裂
缝长/m总缝长/m 东−西侧应力
差/MPa东−西侧裂缝
长度差/m应力及天然
裂缝情况工艺 JS8-6P05-1 147 134 281 2~4 −13 高应力区 多轮次 JS8-6P05-2 138 158 296 1~3 20 中应力区 多轮次 JS8-6P05-3 161 192 353 1~2 31 中应力区 多轮次 JS8-6P05-4 162 151 313 2~3 −11 高应力区 多轮次 JS8-6P05-5 232 66 298 1~3 −166 高应力区，天然裂缝发育 多轮次 JS8-6P05-6 167 212 379 2~4 45 高应力区，天然裂缝发育 多轮次 JS8-6P05-7 158 200 358 3~5 42 高应力区，天然裂缝发育 多轮次 多轮次绝对值平均
(不含天然裂缝诱导)152 159 311 19 JS8-6P05-8 195 97 292 2~4 −98 高应力区 单轮次 JS8-6P05-9 214 137 351 2~3 −77 高应力区 单轮次 JS8-6P04-1 106 174 280 −4~−2 68 高应力区 单轮次 JS8-6P04-2 104 203 307 −3~−1 99 高应力区 单轮次 JS8-6P04-3 112 243 355 0 131 高应力区 单轮次 JS8-6P04-4 131 175 306 0 44 高应力，天然裂缝发育 单轮次 JS8-6P04-5 185 224 409 0 39 高应力区，天然裂缝发育 单轮次 JS8-6P04-6 147 178 325 −2~−1 31 中应力区 单轮次 JS8-6P04-7 136 248 384 −4~−2 112 中应力区 单轮次 JS8-6P04-8 105 293 398 −3~−2 188 中应力区，天然裂缝发育 单轮次 单轮次压裂绝对值平均
(不含天然裂缝诱导)145 183 328 88
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表 8 JS8-6P04和05井生产效果对比
Table 8 Comparison of production outcomes of wells JS8-6P04 and JS8-6P05
施工段 利用水平
段长/m压裂
段数平均
段长/m加砂强度/
(t·m−1)加液强度/
(m3·m−1)投产
天数累计产气
量/104 m3平均日产
气量/104 m3平均每段日产
气量/104 m3平均千米水平段
贡献产气量/104 m3JS8-6P05 1 300 9 144.4 3.44 23.6 136 1 168 8.59 0.95 898.5 JS8-6P04 1 197 8 149.6 5.92 22.7 136 1 056 7.76 0.97 882.2
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