Geological soil formation for ecological restoration of mining areas and its case study
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摘要:
土壤是植物生长的重要基质，是矿山生态修复成败的关键。针对大多数矿山生态修复所面临缺少土壤的现状和土壤漫长的地质成土过程的现实，试图在阐述自然地质成土原理的基础上，探讨矿山生态修复中的地质成土(简称矿山地质成土)的概念与方法。自然地质成土是地质大循环和生物小循环历经漫长时期将“岩石”变成“土壤”的过程，其中风化、黏化、有机质积聚以及元素的交换和迁移是重要的自然地质成土过程。矿山地质成土是指仿自然地质成土过程，通过筛选矿区可利用的成土母质或土壤材料，采用物理、化学和生物措施促进土壤快速发育和熟化并在短期内形成期望土壤功能、达到自我可持续发育状态的过程，其实质为人工造土。方法包含矿山地质成土的需求分析、成土材料的筛选、土壤材料的组配和生物熟化4步骤，还阐述了矿山地质成土与矿山复垦土壤重构的关系。以内蒙古某露天煤矿生态修复为例，详细讨论基于原始地层材料的露天矿表土的矿山地质成土过程，筛选出原始第3层土壤作为新表土的最优土壤材料组配与生物熟化方法；以矿山固体废弃物为土壤材料，介绍利用自然地质成土原理所构造的煤基生物土的方法；同时对黄河泥沙基矿山地质成土在西部矿区生态修复中的应用给予了展望。
Abstract:Soil is an important substrate of plant growth, as well as the key for successful ecological restoration of mine. In view of the status of insufficient soil for most of ecological restoration of mine and the reality of a very long process of geological soil formation, the concept and method of geological soil formation for ecological restoration of mine (Mine-GSF for short) were discussed on the basis of description on the principle of natural geological soil formation. Natural geologic soil formation is the process of turning “rock” into “soil” through a long period of macro-geological cycle and biological cycle, including the important links of weathering, claying, accumulation of organic matter, and the exchange and migration of elements. Mine-GSF is the process of simulating the natural geological soil formation by promoting the rapid development and maturation of soil with the physical, chemical and biological measures through screening the available soil-forming parent materials or soil materials at the mine site, and thus forming the desired soil functions in a short period of time to achieve a self-sustainable development state. It is exactly a process of artificial soil formation. Specifically, the method consists of four steps: demand analysis of Mine-GSF, screening of parent material for soil formation, composition of soil materials and its biological maturation. In addition, the relationship between Mine-GSF and soil reconstruction for mine reclamation was described. Moreover, the geological soil formation process for the topsoil of open pit mine based on the original soil material of geological stratums is discussed in detail, and the optimal soil material composition and biological maturation method with the third layer of original soil as topsoil was determined based on the ecological restoration of an open pit coal mine in Inner Mongolia. The method of coal-based biological soil constructed on the principle of geological soil formation is introduced using the solid waste of mine as the soil material. Meanwhile, prospect is made for the application of geologic soil formation with the Yellow River sediment as soil material in the ecological restoration of western mining areas.
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图 6 不同处理接种菌根后的植株生物量
Fig. 6 Plant biomass after mycorrhizal inoculation in different treatments
表 1 露天矿各层不同基质粒度组成含量
Table 1 Particle size distribution of different soil materials in open-pit mine layers
样品组 不同粒径范围的质量分数/% 质地 细黏粒 粗黏粒 细粉粒 中粉粒 粗粉粒 细砂粒 <0.001 mm 0.001~0.002 mm 0.002~0.005 mm 0.005~0.010 mm 0.010~0.05 mm 0.05~0.25 mm CK 2.20 9.17 13.77 12.02 58.23 4.61 粉砂土 Ⅱ1 24.03 38.29 22.66 7.28 7.74 0 粉黏土 Ⅱ2 59.14 35.61 3.84 1.12 0.29 0 黏土 Ⅲ1 95.35 4.63 0.02 0 0 0 重黏土 Ⅲ2 99.85 0.15 0 0 0 0 重黏土 
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表 2 试验设计
Table 2 Experimental design
(g·kg−1) 处理组 蛭石 玉米秸秆 硝基腐殖酸 T1 10 10 0.5 T2 10 30 1.0 T3 10 50 1.5 T4 30 10 1.5 T5 30 30 0.5 T6 30 50 1.0 T7 50 10 1.0 T8 50 30 1.5 T9 50 50 0.5
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