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摘要:
矿山发生事故导致人员被困井下时，通过地面钻孔进行救援是一种有效的手段。救援车载钻机可适应多种钻进工艺，具有地层适应性广、机动性高、事故处理能力强等优点，是矿山事故救援的理想机型。鉴于国产车载钻机在生命保障孔及大直径救援井施工中存在的不足，研制了ZMK5550TZJF50/120型车载钻机，开发了适应多种工艺的大能力动力头，采用大通孔主轴、大通径冲管、气举反循环气管安设接口等设计，转速转矩调节范围宽，可满足多种钻进工艺，实测最大转矩51350 N·m，具备施工大直径钻孔和处理事故能力；设计了油缸−钢丝绳伸缩式桅杆给进装置，实现长工作行程14 m，短运输尺寸13.6 m，实测最大起拔力1205 kN，具备孔内事故强力解卡的能力。将动力及电液控制系统集成至动力泵站，为车载钻机、钻杆输送系统、井口平台提供动力源和控制源，分体式布局解决了钻进能力提升与整机质量尺寸间的矛盾，满足道路运输要求，能充分发挥钻机的高机动性。为提高起下钻效率、机械化程度，减少工人数量并降低劳动强度，研制了钻具自动加卸系统，通过HG2-01型换杆装置、液压提引装置、自动拧卸装置协同作业，实现起下钻具效率小于3 min/根。钻机在宁夏梅花井矿完成了直径830 mm、深度624.1 m救援井的施工，平均机械钻速3.1 m/h，透巷井深654.1 m，具备600 m深度的钻孔救援能力，为我国矿山灾害救援提供了装备保障。
Abstract:Ground drilling is an effective means to rescue the person trapped underground in case of accident in a mine. The rescue truck-mounted drilling rig is an ideal model for mine accident rescue due to its adaptability to a variety of drilling technologies and the advantages of wide formation adaptability, high mobility and strong accident handling capacity. In view of the shortcomings of domestic truck-mounted drilling rig in the construction of life support hole and large-diameter relief well, ZMK5550TZJF50/120 truck-mounted drilling rig was developed. Specifically, the large capacity power head adaptable to various technologies was developed, adopting the design of installation interfaces for large hole spindle, large diameter punching pipe, and gas lift reverse circulation pipe. In such case, the speed torque could be adjusted in a wide range, a variety of drilling technologies could be adapted, the measured maximum torque is 51 350 N·m, and hence the construction of large diameter drilling and accident handling capacity could be realized. Meanwhile, a telescopic mast feeding device of oil cylinder and steel wire rope was designed, which could achieve a long working stroke of 14 m, a short transport size of 13.6 m and a measured maximum pulling force of 1 205 kN, and has the capability of strong unsticking in the hole accident. Besides, the power and electro-hydraulic control system was integrated into the power pump station to provide power and control sources for the truck-mounted drilling rig, drill pipe conveying system and wellhead platform. In addition, the split layout resolved the contradiction between the improvement of drilling capacity and the weight and size of the whole machine, satisfied the requirements of road transportation, and gave full play to the high mobility of the drilling rig. In order to improve the efficiency of tripping and the degree of mechanization, reduce the number of workers and mitigate the labor intensity, the automatic loading/unloading system of drilling rig was developed, realizing the tripping efficiency less than 3 min/rig with the joint operation of HG2-01 rod changing device, hydraulic lifting device and automatic unscrewing device. The drilling rig completed the construction of a relief well with a diameter of 830 mm and a depth of 624.1 m in Ningxia Meihuajing Mine, with an average mechanical drilling speed of 3.1 m/h and a depth of 654.1 m. It is verified with a drilling and rescue capability within a depth of 600 m, which provides equipment support for the accident rescue of mine in China.
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图 3 源江山救援中的ZMK5530TZJ60钻机
Fig. 3 ZMK5530TZJ60 drilling rig in Yuanjiang mountain rescue
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图 4 ZMK5550TZJF50/120救援钻机
1—给进装置；2—动力头；3—拧卸装置；4—井口平台；5—钻具加卸系统；6—操纵室；7—专用底盘；8—动力泵站
Fig. 4 ZMK5550TZJF50/120 rescue power head
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图 10 钻机液压系统原理
1—液压泵；2—给进系统；3—回转系统
Fig. 10 Principle of the drilling rig hydraulic system
表 1 ZMK5550TZJF50/120救援钻机
Table 1 Parameters of ZMK5550TZJF50/120 rescue drilling rig
功能单元 主要性能 参数 钻机
整机整机运输尺寸/(m×m×m) 13.29×2.55×4.00 整机质量/t 55 最大开口直径/mm 920 给进
装置最大提升力/kN 1 200 最大给进力/kN 180 给进行程/m 14 动力头 最大转矩/(kN·m) 50 最大转速/(r·min−1) 90 最大翘起角度/(°) 70 动力
泵站额定功率/kW 597 额定压力/MPa 34 钻具加
卸系统适用钻具规格/mm 72~254 最大仰角/(°) 22 
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表 2 自动拧卸装置设计参数
Table 2 Automatic unscrew device design parameters
主要性能 参数 夹持钻具规格/mm 72~254 最大上扣转矩/(kN·m) 80 最大冲扣转矩/(kN·m) 100 旋扣速度/(r·min−1) 80 操作方式 手动、全自动 整体水平移动行程/mm 1000 旋扣钳水平移动行程/mm 500 垂直移动行程/mm 500
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表 3 示范工程现场地层
Table 3 Stratum of demonstration project site
地层 岩性 底界深度
/m地层平均厚度/m 界 系 统 组 新生界 第四系 粉砂及卵石层 9.50 59.09 中生界 侏罗系 中统 安定组 灰褐、紫红、紫褐色粉砂岩和泥岩为主，
夹灰白、灰绿色中−细粒砂岩209.26 70.01 直罗组 上部主要为细粒砂岩，灰色、褐色粉砂岩，
夹粗、中粒砂岩。中下部以七里镇砂岩为主423.33 74.89 623.33 46.02 延安组 中、粗粒长石石英砂岩、细粒砂岩；深灰、
灰黑色粉砂岩、泥岩及煤等组成654.00
(未穿)37.44
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