Study of technologies and equipment of continuous hydraulic sand fracturing for permeability enhancement at high pressure side of coal mine downhole
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摘要:
针对煤矿井下作业空间小，供电供水能力有限，地面加砂压裂装备无法直接应用于煤矿井下的现状，提出了高压端加砂压裂的技术思路。基于液动冲击混携砂原理，研发了高压端连续水力加砂压裂装备。该装备不需要外部动力源进行混砂，而是通过压裂液流态和流场的变化形成旋流冲击实现混砂和携砂。理论分析、数值模拟和室内仿真试验均表明，该装备在原理上是可行性的，能够有效混砂和携砂。研发的装备整体耐压达到55 MPa，一次可装石英砂750 kg，可实现单个或者多个穿层钻孔的连续加砂压裂。配套设计了三通道并联的煤矿井下高压端连续水力加砂压裂控制系统，该系统通过矿用压风实现开关的开合，与压裂泵的控制系统协同对加砂过程实现远程集中控制，确保加砂过程安全可靠。运用该装备在安徽淮南矿区潘三煤矿进行了5个底板穿层钻孔的现场试验。结果表明：该装备携砂能力较强，仅需开启通道二即可实现有效加砂，最大连续加砂量150 kg，最大注水量316 m3，加砂压裂钻孔瓦斯抽采纯量、百孔瓦斯抽采量分别是清水压裂钻孔的2.38和2.03倍，增透效果明显。研发的装备可应用于煤矿井下高压水射流、水力切割以及水力加砂压裂等领域。
Abstract:The technological concept of sand fracturing at the high pressure side is proposed against the present situation where the coal mine downhole operation space is small, the power and water supply capacities are limited, and the surface sand fracturing equipment cannot be applied directly in the coal mine downhole. On the basis of the principle of sand mixing and carrying through hydrodynamic impact, the continuous hydraulic sand fracturing equipment at the high pressure side was developed. Such equipment requires no external power source for sand mixing. It forms cyclone impact through the changes in the flow regime and flow field of the fracturing fluid to realize sand mixing and carrying. As indicated by the theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and indoor simulation test, this equipment is feasible in principles, and can effectively mix and carry sand. The developed equipment has the overall pressure resistance of 55 MPa, 750 kg quartz sand can be loaded at one time, and can realize the continuous sand fracturing for a single crossing borehole or multiple crossing boreholes. The associated 3-channel shunt continuous hydraulic sand fracturing control system at the high pressure side of the coal mine downhole was designed. This system uses the mine compressed air to realize the on/off action of the switch, and coordinates with the fracturing pump control system to realize the remote concentrated control over the sand adding process, so as to ensure the safety and reliability during sand adding. The equipment was applied to carry out the field test for 5 floor crossing boreholes at the Pansan Coal Mine in Huainan Mining Area, Anhui. As indicated by the results, this equipment has high sand carrying capacity, and effective sand adding can be realized by only opening Channel II, with the maximum continuous sand adding amount of 150 kg and the maximum injected water amount of 316 m3. The gas extraction scalar quantity of the sand fracturing borehole and the gas extraction quantity of the 100 m borehole were 2.38 and 2.03 times of that of the water fracturing borehole, respectively, showing significant effects in permeability enhancement. The developed equipment can be applied in the fields, such as the coal mine downhole highpressure water jetting, hydraulic cutting and hydraulic sand fracturing.
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图 3 高压端连续水力加砂压裂装备结构组成
Fig. 3 Structure composition of high pressure side continuous hydraulic sand fracturing equipment
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图 4 液流冲击下不同时间装置内石英砂分布特征
Fig. 4 Distribution characteristics of quartz sand in the device at different times under the impact of liquid flow
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图 5 液流冲击下装置出口处石英砂体积分数曲线
Fig. 5 Volume fraction of quartz sand at the outlet of the device at different times under the impact of liquid flow
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图 7 高压端连续水力加砂压裂试验系统
Fig. 7 Continuous hydraulic sand fracturing test system at high pressure side
表 1 高压端连续水力加砂压裂装备参数
Table 1 Parameters of continuous hydraulic sand fracturing equipment at high pressure side
名称 长度/m 内径/m 容积/m3 进液口规格 出液口规格 混砂仓 2.740 0.500 0.450 DN19 携砂仓 2.566 0.209 0.07 DN31.5 
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表 2 模拟实验装置参数
Table 2 Parameter table of experiment device
名称 长度/mm 高度/mm 宽度/mm 容积/L 混砂仓 400 300 300 18.00 携砂仓 600 50 4.71
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表 3 不同过液通路携砂情况统计
Table 3 Sand carrying statistics of different liquid paths
方案 加注时间/min 加砂量/kg 石英砂/mm 携砂速度/(kg·min−1) 备注 1 5 4.5 0.425~0.850 0.9 “通道二”中气动加砂阀2未开启 2 4 2.0 0.5 方案1的基础上开启“通道一” 3 4 2.5 0.625 “通道一”和“通道二”中只开启气动加砂阀1、气动加砂阀2的联合通路 注：表中“通道一”“通道二”均为3.1节中所述内容。
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表 4 高压端连续水力加砂压裂施工参数
Table 4 Construction parameters of continuous hydraulic sand fracturing at high pressure side
孔号 压裂段/m 砂量/kg 前置液/m3 携砂液/m3 顶替液/m3 最大泵注压力/MPa Y26 7.4 140 40 114 10 29 Y36 7.9 120 40 63 5 34 Y37 8.9 110 80 152 10 34 GY37 9.7 150 100 191 10 30 Y28 9.5 150 100 190 10 32
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表 5 两种工艺钻孔瓦斯抽采情况对比
Table 5 Comparison of gas extraction from drilling holes in the two technologies
不同工艺 抽采纯量/(m3·min−1) 百孔抽采纯量/(m3·min−1) 加砂压裂 0.02 1.71 清水压裂 0.008 42 0.842 比值 2.38 2.03
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